Prospects of Nanotechnology in Clinical Immunodiagnostics

Abstract

Nanostructured materials are promising compounds that offer new opportunities as sensing platforms for the detection of biomolecules. Having micrometer-scale length and nanometer-scale diameters, nanomaterials can be manipulated with current nanofabrication methods, as well as self-assembly techniques, to fabricate nanoscale bio-sensing devices. Nanostructured materials possess extraordinary physical, mechanical, electrical, thermal and multifunctional properties. Such unique properties advocate their use as biomimetic membranes to immobilize and modify biomolecules on the surface of nanoparticles. Alignment, uniform dispersion, selective growth and diameter control are general parameters which play critical roles in the successful integration of nanostructures for the fabrication of bioelectronic sensing devices. In this review, we focus on different types and aspects of nanomaterials, including their synthesis, properties, conjugation with biomolecules and their application in the construction of immunosensing devices. Some key results from each cited article are summarized by relating the concept and mechanism behind each sensor, experimental conditions and the behavior of the sensor under different conditions, etc. The variety of nanomaterial-based bioelectronic devices exhibiting novel functions proves the unique properties of nanomaterials in such sensing devices, which will surely continue to expand in the future. Such nanomaterial based devices are expected to have a major impact in clinical immunodiagnostics, environmental monitoring, security surveillance and for ensuring food safety.

Biosensors Based on Nanoparticles and Electrochemical Detection

“…31,32 In order to improve the properties of electrochemical sensors, new concepts of signal amplification are desirable for ultrasensitive biosensors. The design of new electrochemical biosensors combining an electrode with GNPs is recently gaining importance.…”

Recent Trends in Field-Effect Transistors-Based Immunosensors

“…Recently, an increasing number of immunosensors using nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanowires, metal and metal oxide, and nanohybrids as semiconducting channel have been reported [44][45][46]. In this review, we highlight recent advances on the incorporation of nanomaterials on the gate surface of FET-based immunosensors applied to biomedical clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food safety fields.…”

“…Nanomaterials are capable of modifying the exposed gate region of FET-based immunosensors, thus improving the immobilization of bioreceptors and the signal transducing [44]. Properties like the high aspect ratio allow the atoms to be located at or close to the gate surface, and as the biological recognition is related to the physical signal across the whole device, the device sensitivity is improved as a result of the increased surface-to-volume ratio.…”

“…Nanostructured materials have attracted a great deal of attention in their application for developing novel FET-based biosensing devices with enhanced sensibility and selectivity [5,34,44]. Owing to nanoscale dimensions (1-100 nm), nanomaterials exhibit tunable and unique physicochemical properties which are not observed in their bulk counterparts, including high specific surface area, high aspect ratio, increased chemical and thermal stability, and remarkable electrical properties.…”

Disposable immunosensor using a simple method for oriented antibody immobilization for label-free real-time detection of an oxidative stress biomarker implicated in cancer diseases

“…Overall, the binding events between 8OHdG and anti-8OHdG in the immunosensor lead to an increase in R ct . According to literature, it is common that the formation of affinity complexes leads to the formation of an insulating layer that retards the interfacial electron transfer kinetics between the redox probe and the electrode, thus increasing the electrontransfer resistance (Ansari et al, 2010).…”