Protected Values

Baron, Jonathan; Spranca, Mark

doi:10.1006/obhd.1997.2690

Cited by 576 publications

(399 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…On the surface, this seems at odds with research showing that people morally object to the legalization of enhancement technologies (Baron and Spranca 1997;Sabini andMonterosso 2003, 2005). To reconcile this, we suggest that one's own willingness to engage in enhancement is driven by different concerns than is one's desire to ban legal access to particular enhancements.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 77%

“…As in studies 1 and 2, we expected fundamentalness, but not moral acceptability, to primarily predict people's willingness to enhance. As in previous research (Baron and Spranca 1997;Sabini andMonterosso 2003, 2005), we expected moral acceptability, but not fun- damentalness, to primarily predict the desire to ban particular enhancements. Because we expected different motivations to affect these two choices, we also expected responses to the two questions to be only modestly correlated.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In one of the first investigations of this issue, Baron and Spranca (1997) found a strong resistance to the legalization of IQ enhancements for children with normal intelligence, and many people felt that they should not be allowed no matter what the social benefits might be. Similarly, Sabini andMonterosso (2003, 2005) found that although people were somewhat tolerant of allowing memory-and attention-enhancing drugs for performers in the bottom 10%, few thought that average or high achievers should be allowed to use them.…”

Section: The Psychology Of Psychological Enhancementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preferences for Enhancement Pharmaceuticals: The Reluctance to Enhance Fundamental Traits

Riis¹,

Simmons²,

Goodwin³

2008

J Consum Res

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Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: The Psychology Of Psychological Enhancementmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Preferences for Enhancement Pharmaceuticals: The Reluctance to Enhance Fundamental Traits

Riis¹,

Simmons²,

Goodwin³

2008

J Consum Res

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“…Previous studies have found that human beings make scenic costs to maintain their own lives, as well as other vital things, such as wellness, love, glory, justice and personal rights. Each of these things can be regarded as extremely crucial, absolute, scared, and non-negotiable [34][35][36]. These items may be considered irreplaceable [37,38], and their loss may present a greater threat to the survival and reproduction of human beings than the loss of routine items, such as fortune [39].…”

Section: Memory Performance Might Not Be Enhanced By the Imagined Losmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can the memory of an object be enhanced by imagining its loss?

Liu

et al. 2013

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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Previous investigations examining salient memories have demonstrated that personal memories that are important to individuals and contain emotional information are better remembered than neutral events. Using behavioral and brain-imaging experiments, the present studies explored whether the previous finding was applicable imagined loss. In a behavioral experiment, a free recall paradigm was used to compare the memory performance of individuals who imagined loss with that of individuals who imagined importance. The superior memory performance conferred by imagining loss was constrained to ordinary items of low to medium importance and did not generalize to vital items. Moreover, brain imaging evidence revealed that the activation in certain brain regions was stronger when participants were imagining the loss of ordinary items of low to medium importance compared to vital items. These brain regions included cognitive effort-related areas (such as the parietal cortex and middle prefrontal cortex) and areas related to emotional experiences and emotion-related memories (such as the amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, and posterior cingulate gyrus). Our study provides a new way of exploring the superior memory performance when imagining loss and enriches the literature on memory enhancement by contributing to a deeper understanding of the psychological mechanisms related to the imagining of vital losses. . Research has also revealed that the more closely an object is related to the self, the better it is remembered. The best memory recall is observed for information about one's self, followed by information about one's mother and friends, whereas the poorest memory performance is observed for information about strangers [2]. This phenomenon occurs because people pay more attention to self-referential information, which promotes the organization and elaboration of memories. For example, women typically have better memory performances for weight-related words given that they care more about their weight than men. Men often show better memory performance for muscle-related words given that they pay more attention to their muscle strength [3]. Additionally, individuals are more likely to remember emotional information compared with information that is lacking in emotional importance. Abundant evidence from source memory paradigms and remember-know procedures indicates that individuals' memories are more detailed with regard to emotional information than for neutral information [4]. Neuroimaging studies have implicated the prefrontal cortex and medial temporal areas in the successful encoding of material into episodic memory [5]. The amygdala is also activated when emotional memories are recalled [6]. Imaging studies also emphasize that the amygdala's arous-

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“…These rules are often associated with values that people think of as absolute, not to be traded off for anything else (Baron & Spranca 1997). These protected values, compared to values that are not absolute in this way, have various predicted properties, such as insensitivity to quantity: The amount of the harm done when they are violated does not matter as much as for other values.…”

Section: Cognitive Heuristics and Deontological Rulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

what's in a heuristic?

Hahn¹,

Frost²,

Maio³

2005

Behav Brain Sci

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With respect to questions of fact, people use heuristics -mental short-cuts, or rules of thumb, that generally work well, but that also lead to systematic errors. People use moral heuristics too -moral short-cuts, or rules of thumb, that lead to mistaken and even absurd moral judgments. These judgments are highly relevant not only to morality, but to law and politics as well. Examples are given from a number of domains, including risk regulation, punishment, reproduction and sexuality, and the act/omission distinction. In all of these contexts, rapid, intuitive judgments make a great deal of sense, but sometimes produce moral mistakes that are replicated in law and policy. One implication is that moral assessments ought not to be made by appealing to intuitions about exotic cases and problems; those intuitions are particularly unlikely to be reliable. Another implication is that some deeply held moral judgments are unsound if they are products of moral heuristics. The idea of error-prone heuristics is especially controversial in the moral domain, where agreement on the correct answer may be hard to elicit; but in many contexts, heuristics are at work and they do real damage. Moral framing effects, including those in the context of obligations to future generations, are also discussed.Cass R. Sunstein is Karl N. Llewellyn Distinguished Service Professor, Law School and Department of Political Science, University of Chicago. His many books include Laws of Fear (2005), Why Societies Need Dissent (2003), and Risk and Reason (2002). Much of his research explores the intersection of psychology, economics, and law; he has been particularly interested in the role of cognitive errors and social influences on juries, legislators, judges, and those who are the objects of law's commands. He is now working on a book on the production of social knowledge, with special reference to information aggregation across persons.that some of our deeply held moral beliefs might be products of heuristics that sometimes produce mistakes.If moral heuristics are in fact pervasive, then people with diverse foundational commitments should be able to agree, not that their own preferred theories are wrong, but that they are often applied in a way that reflects the use of heuristics. Utilitarians ought to be able to identify heuristics for the maximization of utility; deontologists should be able to point to heuristics for the proper discharge of moral responsibilities; and those uncommitted to any large-scale theory should be able to specify heuristics for their own more modest normative commitments. And if moral heuristics exist, blunders are highly likely not only in moral thinking, but in legal and political practice as well. Conventional legal and political arguments are often a product of heuristics masquerading as universal truths. Hence, I will identify a set of political and legal judgments that are best understood as a product of heuristics, and that are often taken, wrongly and damagingly, as a guide to political and legal p...

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Protected Values

Cited by 576 publications

References 15 publications

Preferences for Enhancement Pharmaceuticals: The Reluctance to Enhance Fundamental Traits

Preferences for Enhancement Pharmaceuticals: The Reluctance to Enhance Fundamental Traits

Can the memory of an object be enhanced by imagining its loss?

what's in a heuristic?

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