“…To confirm which peptides contributed to the DPP-IV inhibition activity, peptidomics was used to select the peptides with DPP-IV inhibitory bioactivity. Previous studies found that small-molecule peptides (generally ≤10 amino acids (AAs)) with various hydrophobic amino acids in the structure possessed good DPP-IV inhibitory activity ( Hao et al, 2021 ; Lacroix and Li-Chan, 2013 ; Tu et al, 2021 ). Among hydrophobic amino acids, the presence of proline in the peptides contributed most to the inhibition of DPP-IV, especially when it exited at the first three amino acids at the N-terminal ( Lacroix and Li-Chan, 2014 ; Lafarga, O Connor & Hayes, 2015 ; Song et al, 2017 ), such as PAL- ( Ji et al, 2017 ), VPL ( Rahfeld et al, 1991 ), IPQ- ( Xu et al, 2019 ), and GGP- ( Neves, Harnedy, O'Keeffe, Alashi, Aluko & FitzGerald, 2017 ).…”