PULRP: Path Unaware Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

Gopi, Sarath; Kannan, G.; Chander, Deepthi; Desai, U.B.; Merchant, S. N.

doi:10.1109/icc.2008.591

Cited by 38 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…By providing the upper bound max , (18) and (19) limit the total sojourn time of any courier node in one sojourn tour and the sojourn time at any particular sojourn location, where denotes the duration at any particular sojourn location. Furthermore, (20) implies distance-constrained and delay-bounded mobility model by employing 2 to limit the total distance covered by a courier node in one sojourn tour. Under these constraints, we suggest two mobility patterns for courier nodes (refer to Figure 6).…”

Section: Aggregate Traffic Model For Mobile Courier Nodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CEDC [19] uses doppler compensation model to improve the scrutinizing of acoustic signals and present a high data-rate communication model. In dense underwater conditions, PULRP [20] provides a cross-layer model as well as a descriptive algorithm to maximize network's throughput. This model is localization-free technique with efficient energy consumption model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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iAMCTD: Improved Adaptive Mobility of Courier Nodes in Threshold-Optimized DBR Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Javaid

Jafri

Khan

et al. 2014

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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We propose forwarding-function ( ) based routing protocol for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs): improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized depth-based-routing (iAMCTD). Unlike existing depth-based acoustic protocols, the proposed protocol exploits network density for time-critical applications. In order to tackle flooding, path loss, and propagation latency, we calculate optimal holding time ( ) and use routing metrics: localization-free signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR), signal quality index (SQI), energy cost function (ECF), and depth-dependent function (DDF). Our proposal provides on-demand routing by formulating hard threshold ( th ), soft threshold ( th ), and prime energy limit ( prime ). Simulation results verify effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed iAMCTD. BackgroundUnderwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs), as a subclass of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), are specifically used for monitoring purposes in aqueous environment. The acoustic wireless sensors along with sink(s), distributed under water, constitute the basic body of UASN, where acoustic sensors gather the information of interest and then following a routing strategy forward these data to the end station. WHOI Micro-Modem [1] and Crossbow Mica2 [2] are among the commercially available sensors for underwater environments. Sink is generally supposed to have no power constraint, whereas the acoustic sensors are equipped with limited battery power. These networks provide diversified range of applications like pollution monitoring, ocean current detection, submarine discovery, deep sea explorations, and seabed management.Due to the nature of aqueous environment, improving energy efficiency at routing layer is a challenging task. Moreover, as there are major differences between terrestrial and underwater conditions, hence the basic concepts of terrestrial routing can not be implemented in UWSNs. To tackle these problems, researchers exercise the role of low speed acoustic signals for aqueous communication and sea navigation systems, leading to high propagation delay and transmission losses. High shipping activity, thermal noise, and turbulent noise also increase the error rate. Authors in [3] design the underwater acoustic channel to descriptively analyze the total noise density and path loss. On the other hand [4], it investigates diverse routing architectures for 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional UWSNs. Fundamental analyses of aqueous conditions show that reactive routing is more challenging than the proactive one. Battery replacement and efficient routing are among the solutions to overcome the

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Section: Aggregate Traffic Model For Mobile Courier Nodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

iAMCTD: Improved Adaptive Mobility of Courier Nodes in Threshold-Optimized DBR Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Javaid

Jafri

Khan

et al. 2014

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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“…QELAR [13] is another routing scheme for UWSNs which strives to achieve longer network lifetime by selecting adequate receiving nodes for sender nodes. PULRP [14] introduces layered architecture and detailed algorithm to improve throughput and achieve energy efficiency in dense underwater conditions. HH-VBF [15] uses the vectors assumptions between the source and the destination nodes and proposes a vector-based algorithm to achieve low end-to-end delay in UWSNs.…”

Section: Tayyaba Et Al Present Another Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Depth-Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks through Intelligent Assignment of Initial Energy

Ahmed¹,

Kaleem²,

Alimgeer³

et al. 2017

Adv. sci. technol. eng. syst. j.

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“…with a uniform distribution of sensor nodes in [4] and 2D non-uniform distribution of underwater sensor nodes in [5].…”

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confidence: 99%

E-PULRP: Energy Optimized Path Unaware Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

Gopi

Govindan

Chander

et al. 2010

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

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Abstract-Energy optimized Path Unaware Layered RoutingProtocol (E-PULRP) for dense 3D Underwater Sensor Network (UWSN) is proposed and analysed in this paper. In the proposed E-PULRP, sensor nodes report events to a stationary sink node using ℎ routing. E-PULRP consists of a layering phase and communication phase. In the layering phase, a layering structure is presented wherein nodes occupy different layers in the form of concentric shells, around a sink node. The layer widths and transmission energy of nodes in each layer are chosen taking into consideration the probability of successful packet transmission and minimization of overall energy expenditure in packet transmission. During the communication phase, we propose a method to select intermediate relay nodes ℎ , for delivering packets from the source node to sink node. We develop a mathematical framework to analyse the energy optimization achieved by E-PULRP. We further obtain expressions for throughput, delay and derive performance bounds for node densities and packet forwarding probabilities, for given traffic conditions. A comparison is made between the results obtained based on simulations and analytical expressions. The energy efficiency is also demonstrated in comparison with existing routing protocol for underwater sensor networks.Index Terms-Under sensor networks, energy aware routing, end-to-end throughput.

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PULRP: Path Unaware Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

Cited by 38 publications

References 3 publications

iAMCTD: Improved Adaptive Mobility of Courier Nodes in Threshold-Optimized DBR Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

iAMCTD: Improved Adaptive Mobility of Courier Nodes in Threshold-Optimized DBR Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Optimization of Depth-Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks through Intelligent Assignment of Initial Energy

E-PULRP: Energy Optimized Path Unaware Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

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