Pulverized rocks in the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault Zone

Dor, O.; Ben‐Zion, Yehuda; Rockwell, T. K.; Brune, Jim

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.034

Cited by 213 publications

(264 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…de Dreuzy et al 2002). Breccias, resulting from various deformation processes like rock pulverization (Dor et al 2006;Mitchell et al 2011), or hydro fracturing (Tarasewicz et al 2005) may cause permeability enhancements of up to 4 or 5 orders of magnitude (Walker et al 2013), while, on the other hand, cementation due to the interaction with fluids (e.g. Agosta et al 2012;Baqués et al 2010;Micarelli et al 2006) and/or shearing will result in a reduction of permeability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeological properties of fault zones in a karstified carbonate aquifer (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)

2016

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This study presents a comparative, field-based hydrogeological characterization of exhumed, inactive fault zones in low-porosity Triassic dolostones and limestones of the Hochschwab massif, a carbonate unit of high economic importance supplying 60 % of the drinking water of Austria's capital, Vienna. Cataclastic rocks and sheared, strongly cemented breccias form low-permeability (<1 mD) domains along faults. Fractured rocks with fracture densities varying by a factor of 10 and fracture porosities varying by a factor of 3, and dilation breccias with average porosities >3 % and permeabilities >1,000 mD form high-permeability domains. With respect to fault-zone architecture and rock content, which is demonstrated to be different for dolostone and limestone, four types of faults are presented. Faults with single-stranded minor fault cores, faults with single-stranded permeable fault cores, and faults with multiple-stranded fault cores are seen as conduits. Faults with single-stranded impermeable fault cores are seen as conduit-barrier systems. Karstic carbonate dissolution occurs along fault cores in limestones and, to a lesser degree, dolostones and creates superposed highpermeability conduits. On a regional scale, faults of a particular deformation event have to be viewed as forming a network of flow conduits directing recharge more or less rapidly towards the water table and the springs. Sections of impermeable fault cores only very locally have the potential to create barriers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeological properties of fault zones in a karstified carbonate aquifer (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)

2016

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“…[2] A plastic mechanical behavior is expected from the damaged medium that is likely to encompass the faults up to several tens of meters [e.g., Chester et al, 2004;Dor et al, 2006]. Off-fault cracking has been also identified as a possible mechanism to explain slip profiles linear trends that show off from natural earthquakes [Manighetti et al, 2004].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Off‐fault plasticity favors the arrest of dynamic ruptures on strength heterogeneity: Two‐dimensional cases

Hok

Campillo

Cotton

et al. 2010

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] We study the effects of a plastic behavior of the volume around the fault on in-plane and anti-plane 2D rupture dynamics. Both rupture modes exhibit similar answer to off-fault yielding, in terms of modification of the kinematics of the rupture front, and in terms of energy lost outside the fault plane. We then compare the ability of the rupture to propagate through a barrier on the interface. The plastic behavior, responsible for a linear increase of the global fracture energy during dynamic crack growth, enhances the rupture front sensitivity to a static resistance increase on the fault. Consequently, the rupture arrest is more easily provoked in heterogeneous models that include a plastic yielding, even with relatively small variations of frictional resistance along the fault plane. Citation: Hok, S., M. Campillo, F. Cotton, P. Favreau, and I. Ionescu (2010), Offfault plasticity favors the arrest of dynamic ruptures on strength heterogeneity: Two-dimensional cases, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L02306,

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“…As pointed already, microstructures in the NOJ220 sample are very similar to the experimentally or naturally fragmented samples described by Aben et al (2016) and Dor et al (2006Dor et al ( , 2009 and Rockwell et al (2009) high confining pressure prevents complete pulverization but not fragmentation (Yuan et al, 2011). The confining pressure being in the 100 -300 MPa range when microstructures formed in the NOJ220 sample, the strain-rate threshold was probably not attained and the granodiorite was microfractured, but not pulverized.…”

Section: Implications For the Development Of The Damage Zonementioning

confidence: 49%

“…Earthquakes characterizing the first period of seismic activity along the Nojima fault were M6 to M7 magnitude events 20 (Boullier et al, 2001) and their consequences may be compared to those of californian earthquakes along the San Andreas fault system where pulverized rocks were produced on the near surface within a 100 m wide zone (Dor et al, 2006 ;Rockwell et al, 2009). We believe that microstructures in the NOJ220 sample are representative of the incipient dynamic damage at depth induced by the propagation of a seismic rupture on the Nojima fault plane 51 m away from the studied sample.…”

Section: Implications For the Development Of The Damage Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outside the fault core, 1 to 10 3 m wide zones may be damaged by brittle failure of the surrounding rocks. Recently, several examples of pulverized rocks lacking significant shear have been described at the surface or subsurface within 100 to 200 m wide bands close to large faults such as the San Andreas fault (Dor et al, 2006 ;Rockwell et al, 2009;Wechsler et al, 2011) or the Arima-Takatsuki Line in Japan (Mitchell et al, 2011), and have been attributed to dynamic co-seismic damage. At the same time, high strain-rate 25 experiments on granite using Hopkinson bars without confinement have reproduced similar pulverized rocks (Xia et al, 2008) and predicted a dynamic shear stress threshold for pulverization (Doan and Gary, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High stresses stored in fault zones: example of the Nojima fault (Japan)

Boullier¹,

Robach²,

Ildefonse³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. During the last decade pulverized rocks have been described on outcrops along large active faults and attributed to damage related to a propagating seismic rupture front. Questions remain on the maximal lateral distance from the fault plane and maximal depth for dynamic damage to be imprinted in rocks. In order to document these questions, a core sample of granodiorite located at 51.3 m from the Nojima fault (Japan) that was drilled after the Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake is studied by using Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) and high resolution X-ray Laue 15 microdiffraction. Although located outside of the Nojima damage fault zone and macroscopically undeformed, the sample shows pervasive microfractures and local fragmentation that are attributed to the first stage of seismic activity along the Nojima fault characterized by laumontite as the main sealing mineral. EBSD mapping was used in order to characterize the crystallographic orientation and deformation microstructures in the sample, and X-ray microdiffraction to measure elastic strain and residual stresses in a quartz grain. Both methods give consistent results on the crystallographic orientation and 20show small and short wave-length misorientations associated with laumontite-sealed microfractures and alignments of tiny fluid inclusions. Deformation microstructures in quartz are symptomatic of the semi-brittle faulting regime, in which low temperature brittle, plastic deformation and stress-driven dissolution-deposition processes occur conjointly.Residual stresses are calculated from elastic strain measured by X-ray Laue microdiffraction and stress peaks at 100 MPa (mean 141 MPa). Such stress values are comparable to the peak strength of a damaged granodiorite from the damage zone 25 of the Nojima fault indicating that, although apparently macroscopically undeformed, the sample is actually highly damaged. The homogeneously distributed microfracturing of quartz is the microscopically visible imprint of this damage and suggests that high stresses were stored in the whole sample and not only concentrated on some crystal defects. It is proposed that the high residual stresses are the sum of the stress fields associated with individual dislocations, dislocation microstructures and originated from the dynamic damage related to the propagation of rupture fronts or seismic waves 30 associated to M6 to M7 earthquakes during Paleocene on the Nojima fault at a 3.7 -11.1 km depth (laumontite stability domain) where confining pressure prevented pulverization. The high residual stresses and the deformation microstructures Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi

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Pulverized rocks in the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault Zone

Cited by 213 publications

References 43 publications

Hydrogeological properties of fault zones in a karstified carbonate aquifer (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)

Hydrogeological properties of fault zones in a karstified carbonate aquifer (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)

Off‐fault plasticity favors the arrest of dynamic ruptures on strength heterogeneity: Two‐dimensional cases

High stresses stored in fault zones: example of the Nojima fault (Japan)

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