“…Ganesan et al, 2021;Hamza et al, 2021;Jayakumar et al, 2021;Krishnan et al, 2021;Patiño et al, 2021). To protect combustion damage to the engine, several pollutants such as unreacted FFAs, TAGs, glycerol, soaps, catalyst, monoand diglyceride, water, and other impurities need to be separated from unrefined biodiesel by post-production purification stages, such as adsorption, filtration, ionexchange, and other methods (Catarino et al, 2020;Gomes et al, 2015;Hajra et al, 2015;Li et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2021).…”