Readers of Chinese extract semantic information from parafoveal words

Yan, Ming; Richter, Eike M.; Shu, Hua; Kliegl, Reinhold

doi:10.3758/pbr.16.3.561

Cited by 187 publications

(256 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…First, for both conditions there was an early effect manifesting itself in a small but significant increase in the duration of the fixation made before entering the target word. This finding is in line with recent reports on semantic parafoveal-on-foveal effects in Chinese (Yan, Richter, Shu, & Kliegl, 2009;Yan, Zhou, Shu, & Kliegl, in press;Yan, Risse, Zhou, & Kliegl, this volume;Yang, Wang, Tong, & Rayner, in press), adding evidence from the Korean writing system to the ongoing debate about a more sequential versus parallel nature of word processing in skilled reading. As part of this debate, it has been argued that parafoveal-to-foveal effects can be attributed to mislocated fixations based on saccades that were aimed at word N + 1, but, as a result of saccadic undershoot, actually landed on word N (Rayner, White, Kambe, Miller, & Liversedge, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Critically, because syntactic functions of nominals are not determined by word order, the readers' meaning construction processes cannot be completed until the reader has identified case markers. It should be noted that this mechanism of utilizing parafoveal information for sentence-level construction of meaning goes beyond the recent reports of semantic preprocessing in Chinese reading, where semantic processing was focused on word meanings (Yan, Richter, Shu, & Kliegl, 2009;Yan, Zhou, Shu, & Kliegl, in press;Yan, Risse, Zhou, & Kliegl, in press). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this view was recently challenged by Yan, Richter, Shu, and Kliegl, (2009) for the case of reading in Chinese. These authors obtained significant parafoveal preview effects on fixation and gaze duration for pictographic Chinese preview characters which were semantically related to targets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye movements and parafoveal processing during reading in Korean

2011

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Parafoveal word processing was examined during Korean reading. Twentyfour native speakers of Korean read sentences in two conditions while their eye movements were being monitored. The boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) was used to create a mismatch between characters displayed before and after an eye movement contingent display change. In the first condition, the critical previews were correct case markers in terms of syntactic category (e.g., object marker for an object noun) but with a phonologically incorrect form (e.g., using 를 instead of 을when the preceding noun ends with a consonant). In the second condition, incorrect case markers in terms of syntactic category were used, creating a semantic mismatch between preview and target. Results include a small but significant parafovea-on-fovea effect on the preceding fixation, combined with a large effect on late measures of target word reading when a syntactically incorrect preview was presented. These results indicate that skilled Korean readers are quite sensitive to high-level linguistic information available in the parafovea.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye movements and parafoveal processing during reading in Korean

2011

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“…English), or in Chinese where such effects are far more common (e.g. Yan, Kliegl, Shu, Pan, & Zhou, 2010;Yan, Richter, Shu, & Kliegl, 2009;Yan & Sommer, 2015). It is also interesting to note that such effects failed to occur regardless of whether word spacing was or was not present.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is orthographic information from multiple parafoveal words processed in parallel: An eye-tracking study.

Cutter

Drieghe

Liversedge

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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In the current study we investigated whether orthographic information available from 1 upcoming parafoveal word influences the processing of another parafoveal word. Across 2 experiments we used the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) to present participants with an identity preview of the 2 words after the boundary (e.g., hot pan), a preview in which 2 letters were transposed between these words (e.g., hop tan), or a preview in which the same 2 letters were substituted (e.g., hob fan). We hypothesized that if these 2 words were processed in parallel in the parafovea then we may observe significant preview benefits for the condition in which the letters were transposed between words relative to the condition in which the letters were substituted. However, no such effect was observed, with participants fixating the words for the same amount of time in both conditions. This was the case both when the transposition was made between the final and first letter of the 2 words (e.g., hop tan as a preview of hot pan; Experiment 1) and when the transposition maintained within word letter position (e.g., pit hop as a preview of hit pop; Experiment 2). The implications of these findings are considered in relation to serial and parallel lexical processing during reading. Public Significance StatementThe findings of the present study suggest that readers of English only process letter information from 1 word at a time. Participants did not read any faster when 2 letters had been swapped between 2 upcoming words prior to participants looking directly at them (e.g., sit pea instead of sip tea) than when these same 2 letters had been replaced with alternative letters (e.g., six sea). These findings demonstrate that the human language processing system tends to identify words 1 at a time in serial order, rather than identifying multiple words at the same time.

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“…This means that parafoveal linguistic information is closer to the point of fixation in more than less dense languages. It is not surprising, therefore, that many studies have shown stronger and earlier preview effects in Chinese reading than in English reading (Wang, Tong, Yang, & Leng, 2009;Yan, Richter, Shu, & Kliegl, 2009;Yang, Wang, Xu, & Rayner, 2009;Yen, Radach, Tzeng, Hung, & Tsai, 2009). Thus, Chinese has three important properties that make it an extremely interesting language in which to consider how readers carry out morphological processing of words when they fall both in foveal and parafoveal vision.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Parafoveal processing across different lexical constituents in Chinese reading

Cui

Drieghe

Yan

et al. 2013

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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We report a boundary paradigm eye movement experiment to investigate whether the linguistic category of a two-character Chinese string affects how the second character of that string is processed in the parafovea during reading. We obtained clear preview effects in all conditions but, more importantly, found parafoveal-on-foveal effects whereby a nonsense preview of the second character influenced fixations on the first character. This effect occurred for monomorphemic words, but not for compound words or phrases. Also, in a word boundary demarcation experiment, we demonstrate that Chinese readers are not always consistent in their judgements of which characters in a sentence constitute words. We conclude that information regarding the combinatorial properties of characters in Chinese is used online to moderate the extent to which parafoveal characters are processed.

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Readers of Chinese extract semantic information from parafoveal words

Cited by 187 publications

References 30 publications

Eye movements and parafoveal processing during reading in Korean

Eye movements and parafoveal processing during reading in Korean

Is orthographic information from multiple parafoveal words processed in parallel: An eye-tracking study.

Parafoveal processing across different lexical constituents in Chinese reading

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