Refusing to Tolerate Intolerance: An Experiment Testing the Link Between Exposure to Gay-Related Content and Resulting Attitudes and Behaviors

Hefner, Veronica; Galaviz, Torri; Morse, Victoria; Firchau, Rachel-Jean; Basile, Cassi; Todd, Rachel; Naude, Frances; Nitzkowski-Bautista, Zashya

doi:10.1007/s12119-015-9297-y

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…For instance, direct empirical support for the bookkeeping model is still scarce. Previous studies found that the frequency of exposure to diverse characters predicted better attitudes toward gay people (Hefner et al., 2015, Schiappa et al., 2006). Therefore, it is possible that each time exposure to the same positive minority character happened, a piece of information accumulated to improve existing negative stereotypes.…”

Section: Television Changing Viewsmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Can TV shows promote acceptance of sexual and ethnic minorities? A literature review of television effects on diversity attitudes

et al. 2021

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Until recently, western TV programming rarely featured sexual or ethnic minority members; if present, their representation was mostly negative. Increasingly, though, diverse characters start to play likeable protagonists as well. Thus, television can promote negative diversity attitudes and, at other times, positive ones. The present article reviews and connects theories and research from sociology, psychology, and media and communication studies to clarify the role of television in diversity attitudes formation and to identify directions for future research. Specifically, two research questions are addressed. First, through which processes does television influence diversity attitudes? Second, what features of TV shows contribute to positive diversity attitudes formation among viewers, according to different theories of television effects? Findings indicate that television can entrench existing negative diversity attitudes through the echo chamber phenomenon. However, TV content featuring numerous, likeable, attractive, and typical minority characters that have friendly interactions with the rest of society can promote positive diversity attitudes. Future research should study openness to view content with minority characters, examine the effects of the complete video media diets, check media effects in non‐western countries, explore media effects in longitudinal studies and investigate what constitutes attractive, likeable, and typical representation of ethnic and sexual minorities.

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Section: Television Changing Viewsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Similarly, Hefner et al. (2015) reported that greater cumulative exposure to different queer‐themed shows correlated with more positive attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women. Therefore, repeated exposure to similar messages about homosexuality results in more positive diversity attitudes toward LGBTQ people.…”

Section: Television Changing Viewsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Can TV shows promote acceptance of sexual and ethnic minorities? A literature review of television effects on diversity attitudes

et al. 2021

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“…Scales that assess well-being (i.e., positive effects) from social media in young adults tend to focus on outcomes such as political engagement (Gil de Zúñiga et al, 2014). For LGBTQ+ issues, scales have been developed in studies of social media, such as a scale to assess attitudes from non-LGBTQ+ people toward LGBTQ+ imagery (Hefner et al, 2015). Yet, current research does not identify the particular motivations and benefits afforded to LGBTQ+ youth via social media participation.…”

Section: A Social Media Benefits Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Can Social Media Participation Enhance LGBTQ+ Youth Well-Being? Development of the Social Media Benefits Scale

Craig

Eaton

McInroy

et al. 2021

Social Media + Society

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Social media sites offer critical opportunities for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, and other sexual and/or gender minority (LGBTQ+) youth to enhance well-being through exploring their identities, accessing resources, and connecting with peers. Yet extant measures of youth social media use disproportionately focus on the detrimental impacts of online participation, such as overuse and cyberbullying. This study developed a Social Media Benefits Scale (SMBS) through an online survey with a diverse sample ( n = 6,178) of LGBTQ+ youth aged 14–29. Over three-quarters of the sample endorsed non-monosexual and/or and gender fluid identities (e.g., gender non-conforming, non-binary, pansexual, bisexual). Participants specified their five most used social media sites and then indicated whether they derived any of 17 beneficial items (e.g., feeling connected, gaining information) with the potential to enhance well-being from each site. An exploratory factor analysis determined the scale’s factor structure. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Sheffe post hoc tests examined age group differences. A four-factor solution emerged that measures participants’ use of social media for: (1) emotional support and development, (2) general educational purposes, (3) entertainment, and (4) acquiring LGBTQ+-specific information. Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (χ2 = 40,828, p < .0005) and the scale had an alpha of .889. There were age group differences for all four factors ( F = 3.79–75.88, p < .05). Younger adolescents were generally more likely to use social media for beneficial factors than older youth. This article discusses the scale’s development, exploratory properties, and implications for research and professional practice.

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“…In Sweden, Åkerlund (2019) examined news items regarding transsexuality and the data revealed that the press tended to use negative expressions such as "incomprehensible" and "wrong", increasing rejection of this collective group among the general population. Regarding respect, Hefner et al (2015) noted that news stories that treated homosexuals in a positive light promoted positive opinions of this group among the general public, whereas those that discussed this group negatively promoted negative public opinions. The goal of these examples about single women, bisexual women, transsexuality, and homosexuality, has been to show the power of the press for creating a public opinion on gender issues.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The goal of these examples about single women, bisexual women, transsexuality, and homosexuality, has been to show the power of the press for creating a public opinion on gender issues. Thus, the social attitudes towards gender themes depend on how the press communicates them (Åkerlund 2019;Garretson 2015;Hefner et al 2015;Legge et al 2018;Wangi, Caixi & Jiang 2015). Journalism cannot forget its social responsibility, it means that journalists have to treat people with respect.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender (in)equality in Chilean press: journalists and sources

Mensa

Vernier

Ulloa

et al. 2021

RCom

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Who writes the news in the Chilean press according to gender? Who are the sources, male or female, in the Chilean press? Is there a relationship between the gender of journalists and the gender of the sources in the Chilean press? This article studies the gender of the Chilean newsroom and their sources in 12,113 news through a quantitative method with a computational social science approach. This method combines web scraping and natural language processing techniques to gather and preprocess data, facilitating the exploration of complex social phenomena. Results show important biases in journalists and source gender. From a sample of 158 journalists, 99 were men (63%) and 59 women (37%). Also, from 12,113 news, 7,565 (62%) were written by male and 4,548 (38%) by female journalists. Of the 12,334 sources mentioned in the news, 9,771 were men (79%) and 2,563 were women (21%). A significant finding is that equality in the newsroom is related to how female and male journalists choose their sources. In other words, when a media has a newsroom with gender equality, the sources of the journalists are more equitable too. These results have important insights to discuss within the journalism schools, to make students aware of the gender bias in the profession. Furthermore, if the presence of female – journalists or sources- increased in the media, it would allow them to grow their media power and status.

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Refusing to Tolerate Intolerance: An Experiment Testing the Link Between Exposure to Gay-Related Content and Resulting Attitudes and Behaviors

Cited by 12 publications

References 41 publications

Can TV shows promote acceptance of sexual and ethnic minorities? A literature review of television effects on diversity attitudes

Can TV shows promote acceptance of sexual and ethnic minorities? A literature review of television effects on diversity attitudes

Can Social Media Participation Enhance LGBTQ+ Youth Well-Being? Development of the Social Media Benefits Scale

Gender (in)equality in Chilean press: journalists and sources

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