Regional lung volumes during water immersion to the xiphoid in seated man.

Greene, R; Hughes, J. M. B.; Sudlow, M. F.; Milic-Emili, J

doi:10.1152/jappl.1974.36.6.734

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…This 10% decrease of VC was consistent with previous reports e.g. by G reene et al [21]. However, during the same resting period V ′O 2 , V ′E, V T and f R were similar in water and air, in keeping with other observations during quiet immersion up to the neck [16, 22] and to the xiphoid level [15, 16].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Influence of immersion on respiratory requirements during30-min cycling exercise

Bréchat¹,

Wolf²,

Simon-Rigaud³

et al. 1999

Eur Respir J

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Influence of immersion on respiratory requirements during 30-min cycling exercise. P-H. Bre Âchat, J-P. Wolf, M-L. Simon-Rigaud, N. Bre Âchat, J-P. Kantelip, S. Berthelay, J. Regnard. #ERS Journals Ltd 1999. ABSTRACT: Immersion is considered to facilitate exercise-based rehabilitation. However, the drag effect of moving limbs in water, likely to increase the respiratory requirements at exercise, is not mentioned in many reports.The energetic and ventilatory requirements of 30 min steady state cycling exercise performed by healthy male subjects in air and during immersion up to the xiphoid in 338C water were compared.In the first experimental series nine subjects exercised at the same 60% maximal oxygen consumption (V 'O 2 ,max) in air and water. In the two ambient conditions, ventilatory variables had similar values, but the ergometric setting had to be reduced during water immersion so that the workload rated only 6920 W (meanSD) in water versus 12132 W (p<0.001) in air. In the second experimental series, the same ergometric work load (122 W) was achieved by nine subjects with an average V 'O 2 of 2,210300 mL . min -1 in air versus 2,868268 mL . min -1 in water (p<0.001). Resting water immersion caused a marked trend for decreasing vital capacity (p=0.06), but no modification of other ventilatory variables. During exercise at similar V 'O 2 , the average values of minute ventilation (V 'E), tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (fR), tidal inspiratory time (VT/tI) were not different between water and air. However, at similar ergometric workload, V 'E, VT, fR, VT/tI and plasma lactate levels were significantly higher in water than in air. Such consequences of the drag effect of water upon limb movements have not been reported in previous studies relying on shorter exercise bouts.Thus, maintaining steady exercise levels in water either led to a decrease in the workload or required a 25% higher oxygen consumption than in air. These findings may be relevant to the prescription of water immersion rehabilitation programmes. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 860±866.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Influence of immersion on respiratory requirements during30-min cycling exercise

Bréchat¹,

Wolf²,

Simon-Rigaud³

et al. 1999

Eur Respir J

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“…Lung volumes are modi®ed by the action of gravity (variations in posture), hydrostatic pressure in water up to the neck and blood shift during immersion (Greene et al 1974;Begin et al 1976). These pulmonary volume modi®cations in parameters such as functional residual capacity (FRC) and vital capacity could modify respiratory drive and prolong BHD (Muxworthy 1951;Chapin 1955;Mithoefer 1959aMithoefer , 1959bStanley et al 1975).…”

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confidence: 99%

Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia in divers and non-divers: effects of posture and immersion

Delapille¹,

Vérin

Tourny-Chollet

et al. 2001

Eur J Appl Physiol

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The aim of this study was to determine the effects on respiratory drive of two factors, one mechanical (lung volume) and one chemical (sensitivity to hypercapnia), that are involved in determining the breath-hold duration (BHD). Functional residual capacity was measured by helium dilution with the subject seated in air, seated in water and in the prone position in water. Hyperoxic hypercapnia rebreathing (Read's method) was carried out under identical environmental conditions to assess the effects of CO2 pressure on respiratory centre output by measuring ventilation, mean inspiratory flow and occlusion pressure. Sixteen healthy volunteers were tested. 8 trained divers and 8 non-divers. Functional residual capacity decreased for the postures seated in water (30.8%-34.8%) and for prone position in water (20.3%-20.9%) when compared to the posture seated in air (P<0.0001), all subjects pooled. No difference was found between groups. The slopes of the linear regression, which characterised the sensitivity to CO2 and were determined with the rebreathing tests, revealed differences between the two populations (ventilation: P < 0.0001; mean inspiratory flow: P < 0.05). No difference was found for occlusion pressure or between the different postures. These results confirmed a lower sensitivity to CO2 for trained divers. This adaptation was shown to decrease respiratory centre activity at the origin of the breath-hold breaking point. The immersion, did not influence respiratory drive, despite a decrease in lung volumes. The authors suggest that these findings may be explained by a specific apnoea training and a pronounced bradycardia in immersion.

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Mechanics of the Pleural Space

Agostoni¹

1986

Comprehensive Physiology

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Regional lung volumes during water immersion to the xiphoid in seated man.

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of immersion on respiratory requirements during30-min cycling exercise

Influence of immersion on respiratory requirements during30-min cycling exercise

Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia in divers and non-divers: effects of posture and immersion

Mechanics of the Pleural Space

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