Relationship of Major Depression with Body Mass Index and Salivary Cortisol

Khan, Qudsia Umaira; Zaffar, Sehrish; Rehan, Abdul Mudabbir; Rashid, Romana R; Ashraf, Huma; Hafeez, Farida

doi:10.7759/cureus.6577

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Tashakori et al, 43 in their study where they examined the relationship between BMI and depression, stated that individuals who were slightly obese (25BMI < 30) experienced moderate depression and individuals who were obese (BMI>30) experienced major depression. [40][41][42][43] This finding obtained in the study is similar to the findings made before the pandemic.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…30,39 In the study, it was found that students with mild obesity had higher levels of depression. Khan et al 40 stated that there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between BMI and major depression in the study in which they examined the relationship between major depression and BMI. Pahali et al, 41 in their study where they examined the relationship between psychiatric diseases and BMI, stated that the mean score of depression scale was higher than other individuals and that there was a statistically significant relationship between BMI and depression score.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The examination of the relationship between nursing students' depression, anxiety and stress levels and restrictive, emotional, and external eating behaviors in COVID‐19 social isolation process

Uğurlu

Değirmenci

Durgun

et al. 2020

Perspect Psychiatr Care

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Purpose This study was conducted to examine the relationship between students' anxiety, depression, stress levels, and emotional, external, restrictive eating behaviors in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) process. Design and Methods This study was conducted in included university involving 411 nursing students who completed the Personal Information Form, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale, and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Kruskal–Wallis Test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Spearman's correlation test were used to evaluate the data. Findings In the correlation between Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale subscale scores, and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire subscale scores, there was no significant relationship between only depression and restrictive eating. Practice Implications It was determined that the COVID‐19 pandemic process affected the mental health of nursing students and their eating behaviors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The examination of the relationship between nursing students' depression, anxiety and stress levels and restrictive, emotional, and external eating behaviors in COVID‐19 social isolation process

Uğurlu

Değirmenci

Durgun

et al. 2020

Perspect Psychiatr Care

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show abstract

“…Among these, it should be noted that the presence of abdominal fat-since chronically high levels of cortisol have been associated with depression through abdominal fat presence [11]-is present in the majority of these patients [12], and is linked to a worse prognosis [13]. Specifically, it is the active cortisol in free form which goes through the cellular membrane, the one positively correlated with fat percentage [14], and mainly from the abdominal region due to a higher expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in this region [15]. Since it is a molecule of a fat-soluble nature, levels of free cortisol (approximately 6%) [16] depend globulin (GBP, globulin binding protein) which mostly carries it [17], as well as and the albumin which carries it by 14% [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking all the aforementioned into account, the aim of this study was to establish the impact of the administration of EGCG, supplemented with coconut oil in cortisol activity, and its relations with possible improvements in the perception of depression associated with abdominal fat loss. lated with fat percentage [14], and mainly from the abdominal region due to a higher expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in this region [15]. Since it is a molecule of a fat-soluble nature, levels of free cortisol (approximately 6%) [16] depend globulin (GBP, globulin binding protein) which mostly carries it [17], as well as and the albumin which carries it by 14% [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Coconut Oil Treatment on Cortisol Activity and Depression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Platero

Cuerda-Ballester

Sancho-Cantus

et al. 2021

Life

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(1) Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is pathogenically characterized by high oxidative stress and symptomatically by progressive muscle loss and increased body fat associated with the presence of depression. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (particularly present in green tea) and ketone bodies (in particular beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)), whose main source is coconut oil, have shown emotional benefits and body fat loss. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of EGCG and coconut oil on cortisol activity related to fat loss and depression in MS patients. (2) Methods: The study involved 51 MS patients who were randomly divided into an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group received 800 mg of EGCG and 60 mL of coconut oil, which were included in their daily diet for four months. The control group received placebo and all patients followed an isocaloric diet. A blood sample was collected before and after the four-month period, and levels of cortisol, albumin and BHB were measured in serum. In addition, immediately before and after the intervention, anthropometric variables were measured: waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat mass percentage, fat weight, total weight, and muscle mass percentage. Depression was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). (3) Results: No significant changes were obtained in cortisol levels in any of the groups, and there was a significant increase in albumin in the blood of the intervention group only that could lead to a decrease in serum free cortisol. In addition, it was observed a significant decrease in levels of depression and abdominal fat. (4) Conclusions: EGCG combined with coconut oil increase the concentration of albumin in blood and produce less depression in MS patients.

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“…The cortisol level in saliva has become a striking subject in recent years [ 11 ]. The amount of cortisol is higher in saliva as compared to serum, thus, the salivary cortisol level provides a better understanding of related depression [ 12 ]. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid and quantifiable within the saliva, urine, and plasma using cortisol assays for observing the effects of chronic and acute depression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Salivary Cortisol Level With Severe Depression and Family History

Khan

2020

Cureus

Self Cite

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Salivary cortisol level is considered a prominent depression biomarker, as saliva induces less stress as compared to blood. The study was performed in the physiology department, Sheikh Zayed Medical Institute Lahore from April 2015 to December 2015. Sixty participants, including 14 (46.67%) males and 16 (53.33%) females, in each non-depressive and depressive group of over 17 years of age, were undertaken. The depression diagnostics were performed both outdoors and in clinics and confirmed with the standards of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and Beck’s Inventory. Saliva specimens were collected and processed for enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), and absorbance was calculated on a microtiter plate reader. The statistics with the Statistical Package for the Social Packages (SPSS) 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) show that patients of the non-depressive category exhibited mean ages 35.73±6.89 years and 39.10±6.89 years in the depressive group (p-value: 0.178). The mean cortisol level was 1.46±0.91 ng/ml among non-depressive and 2.23±1.69 in depressive patients (p-value: 0.031). The mean depression score among non-depressive was 5.73±4.05 and 52.03±5.08 while there was no statistical difference in the mean height and weight of subjects in normal and depressive patients (p-value: 0.0001). Meanwhile, the mean cortisol level was 1.46±0.91 ng/ml among non-depressive patients, while it was 2.23±1.69 in the depressive group, with no statistical difference in mean ages (p-value: 0.031). These findings proved the cortisol level directly linked with severe depression and useful for depression diagnostics and management.

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Relationship of Major Depression with Body Mass Index and Salivary Cortisol

Abstract: Open Access Original Article

Cited by 12 publications

References 28 publications

The examination of the relationship between nursing students' depression, anxiety and stress levels and restrictive, emotional, and external eating behaviors in COVID‐19 social isolation process

The examination of the relationship between nursing students' depression, anxiety and stress levels and restrictive, emotional, and external eating behaviors in COVID‐19 social isolation process

The Impact of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Coconut Oil Treatment on Cortisol Activity and Depression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Relationship of Salivary Cortisol Level With Severe Depression and Family History

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