Relative abundance of total subgingival plaque-specific bacteria in salivary microbiota reflects the overall periodontal condition in patients with periodontitis

Abstract

Increasing attention is being focused on evaluating the salivary microbiota as a promising method for monitoring oral health; however, its bacterial composition greatly differs from that of dental plaque microbiota, which is a dominant etiologic factor of oral diseases. This study evaluated the relative abundance of subgingival plaque-specific bacteria in the salivary microbiota and examined a relationship between the abundance and severity of periodontal condition in patients with periodontitis. Four samples (subgingival and supragingival plaques, saliva, and tongue coating) per each subject were collected from 14 patients with a broad range of severity of periodontitis before periodontal therapy. The bacterial composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing using Ion PGM. Of the 66 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs) representing the mean relative abundance of ≥ 1% in any of the four niches, 12 OTUs corresponding to known periodontal pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, were characteristically predominant in the subgingival plaque and constituted 37.3 ± 22.9% of the microbiota. The total relative abundance of these OTUs occupied only 1.6 ± 1.2% of the salivary microbiota, but significantly correlated with the percentage of diseased sites (periodontal pocket depth ≥ 4 mm; r = 0.78, P < 0.001), in addition to the abundance of subgingival plaque microbiota (r = 0.61, P = 0.02). After periodontal therapy, the total relative abundance of these 12 OTUs was evaluated as well as before periodontal therapy and reductions of the abundance through periodontal therapy were strongly correlated in saliva and subgingival plaque (r = 0.81, P < 0.001). Based on these results, salivary microbiota might be a promising target for the evaluation of subgingival plaque-derived bacteria representing the present condition of periodontal health.

High salivary levels of JP2 genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is associated with clinical attachment loss in Moroccan adolescents

“…High levels of JP2 genotype A. actinomycetemcomitans in saliva may be a risk factor for disease onset but could also be a result of release of bacteria from diseased pockets. It has previously been shown that the presence of periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque correlate with that found in saliva; however, these data were semiquantitative without specific quantification (Haririan et al, ; Kageyama et al, ).…”

Salivary Microbiome Shifts in Response to Periodontal Treatment Outcome

“…[ 9 ] Treatment of AgP also resulted in greater shifts in the composition of the subgingival microbiota, compared to the salivary microbiome, [ 28 ] but the relative taxonomic abundances of the two microbiomes appear to correlate well with one another treatment. [ 8–10 ] In addition, the salivary microbiome has the potential to discriminate between treated and well‐maintained periodontitis versus pristine periodontal health, suggesting that certain inherent features may identify periodontitis‐susceptible individuals, despite clinical disease resolution. [ 10 ] One should also consider that sampling of the salivary microbiome may be more homogenous and repetitive among studies.…”

“…[ 8–10 ] In addition, the salivary microbiome has the potential to discriminate between treated and well‐maintained periodontitis versus pristine periodontal health, suggesting that certain inherent features may identify periodontitis‐susceptible individuals, despite clinical disease resolution. [ 10 ] One should also consider that sampling of the salivary microbiome may be more homogenous and repetitive among studies. [ 7 ] Variations between studies on subgingival microbiomes may occur due to procedural differences in biofilm sampling (curette versus paper‐point), [ 29,30 ] or may indeed reflect highly specific biological differences between affected sites.…”

Effects of xylitol-containing chewing gum on the oral microbiota

“…Ion Torrent 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analyses were performed as previously described (22). In brief, the V1-V2 regions of the 16S rRNA gene in each sample were amplified using the following primers: 8F (5′-AGA GTT TGA TYM TGG CTC AG-3′) with the Ion Torrent adaptor A and a sample-specific 8-base tag sequence, and 338R (5′-TGC TGC CTC CCG TAG GAG T-3′) with the Ion Torrent adaptor trP1.…”