Replacement of the European wheat yellow rust population by new races from the centre of diversity in the near‐Himalayan region

Abstract

Isolates of recently spreading races of yellow rust from wheat and triticale in Europe were analysed using virulence phenotypic data of 2605 isolates sampled in 12 countries between 2000 and 2014. A subset of 239 isolates was investigated by microsatellite markers. At least three races of non-European origin, termed 'Warrior', 'Kranich' and 'Triticale aggressive', were identified in the post-2011 population. The Warrior race was already present in high frequencies in the first year of detection in most European countries and to a large extent it replaced the pre-2011 European population. In contrast, the two other exotic races were localized to certain regions and/or crop type. The presence already of at least six multilocus genotypes of the Warrior race and five genotypes of the Kranich race in the first year of detection and across large areas is consistent with a hypothesis of aerial spread from genetically diverse source populations. A comparison with reference isolates sampled from six continents suggested that the Warrior and Kranich races originated from sexually recombining populations in the centre of diversity of the yellow rust fungus in the near-Himalayan region of Asia. However, the Triticale aggressive race was most similar to populations in the Middle East/Central Asia. The study illustrated the potential role of sexual Puccinia striiformis populations as a reservoir for new races replacing distant clonal populations.

Disease Impact on Wheat Yield Potential and Prospects of Genetic Control

“…This race group was found throughout Central and Western Europe in the first year of detection, with many previously resistant cultivars becoming susceptible, and, conversely, some previously susceptible cultivars becoming more resistant (100). The Warrior race group is genetically diverse and highly divergent from previous western European populations, with a likely origin in the near Himalayan region (2,37), and is now spreading into Africa and the Middle East, with confirmed presence in Morocco in 2013 and Algeria and Turkey in 2014 (66,79). The Warrior race group serves as another example of the recent, rapid emergence, spread, and colonization of new rust lineages with increased aggressiveness and complex virulence profiles of potential global significance.…”

“…In 2011, a new exotic incursion of YR fungus, the Warrior race group causing susceptibility of the UK cultivar Warrior, was detected in several European countries (37). This race group was found throughout Central and Western Europe in the first year of detection, with many previously resistant cultivars becoming susceptible, and, conversely, some previously susceptible cultivars becoming more resistant (100).…”

“…In Australia, YR is the most damaging rust disease, causing average annual economic losses of AUD$127 million (71). Schematic overview of the recent emergence and spread of important new races of stripe rust fungus (2,37,38,39). The spread of PstS1 to the United States and Australia represents the introduction of a single lineage.…”

Evolutionary Effects on Morphology and Agronomic Performance of Three Winter Wheat Composite Cross Populations Maintained for Six Years under Organic and Conventional Conditions

“…Since 2011, new races of stripe rust have made a dramatic appearance throughout Europe [39] and the main foliar pathogen observed since 2014 in the trial site is stripe rust. In comparison to the susceptible varieties 'Akteur' and 'Naturastar', disease severity on the CCPs has been very low [40].…”

Bazı Ekmeklik Buğday Çeşitlerinin Sakarya Koşullarında Doğal Epidemi Altında Sarı ve Kahverengi Pas Etmenlerine Karşı Reaksiyonlarının Belirlenmesi

“…Yeni ırklar, mevcut ırklara dayanıklı olarak bilinen buğday genotiplerini hassas hale getirebilmektedir. İlk defa 2011 yılında İngiltere'de belirlenen ve Kuzey Afrika ve birçok Avrupa ülkesinde hızla yayılmakta olan "Warrior" sarı pas ırkı (Hovmøller et al, 2015) 2014 yılında Trakya ve Marmara bölgesinde buğday ekili alanlarda olumsuz etki yapmıştır. Doğu Marmara'da yoğun olarak ekilen ve sarı pasa dayanıklı olan Tahirova-2000 ekmeklik buğday çeşidi, yeni sarı pas ırkı tarafından aşırı derecede etkilenerek %80'lere varan verim kaybına uğramıştır.…”