Required Conditions for Photon-Counting Image Sensors

Teranishi, Nobukazu

doi:10.1109/ted.2012.2200487

Cited by 43 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The idea of an image sensor with photon counting capability is becoming a subject of interest for new applications and imaging paradigms like quanta image sensors [14,95]. Such a device must have an input-referred read noise negligible compared to a single electron.…”

Section: Downscaling Effects Towards Photon Counting Capability In Cismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With a lower cost and better on-chip integration, CIS replaced progressively the charge coupled devices (CCDs) in many applications and enlarged the market of electronic imaging devices. In terms of sensitivity, the quantum efficiency have been improved to reach levels as high as 95% [95]. The fill factors have been constantly improved.…”

Section: Downscaling Effects Towards Photon Counting Capability In Cismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other words, it is measured by performing multiple shots in stationary conditions in order not to compromise the measured value by the shot noise ubiquitous with photons incidence. The photoelectron generation is, hence, a stochastic process governed by a the binomial law and involves the quantum efficiency of the detection device [95]. The probability of generating k photoelectrons out of n incident photons is given by…”

Section: Photon and Electron Count Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But this conversion gain step has to be higher enough than the read noise standard deviation in order to perform accurate quantization and photoelectrons counting. The probability of performing a true photoelectron count and single photoelectron detection can be calculated by assuming a Gaussian distribution of noise, centered at each quantized step, and using the error function [95]. Fig.…”

Section: Photon and Electron Count Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultra Low Noise CMOS Image Sensors

Boukhayma

2018

Springer Theses

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Section: Downscaling Effects Towards Photon Counting Capability In Cismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Downscaling Effects Towards Photon Counting Capability In Cismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photon and Electron Count Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photon and Electron Count Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultra Low Noise CMOS Image Sensors

Boukhayma

2018

Springer Theses

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“…Now the researches and developments toward achieving the photon-counting capability to CMOS image sensors have attracted much attention [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Among several noise sources of CMOS image sensors, the random telegraph noise (RTN) at in-pixel source follower (SF) is one of the crucial ones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Random telegraph noise measurement and analysis based on arrayed test circuit toward high S/N CMOS image sensors

Kuroda

Teramoto

Sugawa

2016

2016 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures (ICMTS)

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Using the developed array test circuit, both static and temporal electrical characteristics of over million transistors/shot were measured with the accuracy of 60 ~Vrms to analyze and reduce random telegraph noise (RTN) toward high SIN CMOS image sensors. Statistical evaluation results of RTN parameters such as time constants and amplitude and their behaviors toward transistor device structures and operation conditions are summarized. Application to high SIN CMOS image sensor is also described.

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The Dynamics of Electrons in Linear Plasma Devices and Its Impact on Plasma Surface Interaction

Hubeny

2019

Springer Theses

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Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte Bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. AbstractFor the viable operation of a thermonuclear fusion reactor, large pressure gradients are necessary in the edge of a magnetically confined plasma device. Turbulent cross-field transport across these gradients severely limits the durability of the current reactor designs by the erosion of plasma facing components. The convective character of this transport is caused by intermittently occurring plasma filaments, which are observed with similar characteristics in the edge of a wide range of plasma devices. Besides the ballistic plasma transport, filaments lead to pressure fluctuation statistics with a positive skewness and kurtosis, i.e. short, local spikes in density and temperature time traces. Erosion predictions based on time-averaged measurements underestimate dynamic effects on erosion mechanisms, e.g. the sputtering yield, due to its non-linear temperature dependence.The aim of this thesis was the development of a time-resolved laser Thomson scattering diagnostic system to investigate plasma dynamics leading to and during intermittent transport events, which were identified at the linear plasma generator PSI-2 in high powered, steady state Deuterium discharges with fast visual imaging. To retain the temporal information in the Thomson scattering setup, the signal was recorded in a triple grating spectrometer on a shot-to-shot basis with a photon counting method. The synchronization of the Nd:YAG laser and spectrometer to a fast framing camera allowed the novel usage of conditional averaging to create Thomson spectra. The selection of a subset of laser pulses with conditions in time and space was based on the plasma state characterized by 100 captured frames around each laser pulse with a time resolution of 3 µs.Time-averaged Thomson scattering profiles of plasma density and temperature were obtained for Deuterium, Helium, Neon and Argon discharges at different high power settings and a reasonable agreement was found with results from the Langmuir probe as the standard diagnostic tool at PSI-2. Standalone fast camera measurements were used to characterize the dynamics in the visible wavelength range and found distinct mode structures and slower oscillations with increasing ion mass. Two synchronized fast cameras showed that these mode are elongated along the magnetic field.The application of conditional averaging on Thomson scattering was successfully tested Argon discharges, where rotating brightness fluctuations with a 75 µs correlation time were found to correspond to a 20% temperature fluctuation amplitude around the temporal mean at the profile maxima. Subsequently, filaments in the edge of high power, low gas-feed Deuterium discharges were selected by conditional averaging and a significant temperature increase was found in the edge of Thomson scatterin...

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Required Conditions for Photon-Counting Image Sensors

Cited by 43 publications

References 7 publications

Ultra Low Noise CMOS Image Sensors

Ultra Low Noise CMOS Image Sensors

Random telegraph noise measurement and analysis based on arrayed test circuit toward high S/N CMOS image sensors

The Dynamics of Electrons in Linear Plasma Devices and Its Impact on Plasma Surface Interaction

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