Resurgence of Yellow Fever in Angola, 2015–2016

Grobbelaar, Antoinette A.; Weyer, Jacqueline; Moolla, Naazneen; Vuren, Petrus Jansen van; Francisco, Moisés; Pawęska, Janusz T.

doi:10.3201/eid2210.160818

Cited by 91 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Although YFV is common in tropical areas of South America and Africa, it has never been isolated in Asia [33]. Ultimately, the pandemic risk is there, from the uncontrolled epidemic as for example in the inland remote area of the Brazilian Mato Grosso state, to the recent burst of epidemics in West and Central Africa including Angola, DRC, as well as imported cases in Kenya and China [34,35]. Indeed, the risk of a pandemic exists if any imported case goes to an area where the fundamentals of emergence are present (i.e., Aedes aegypti and a nonimmune human population).…”

Section: Yellow Fever Virus Yfv: a Timeless Plaguementioning

confidence: 99%

Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics

Gonzalez

Souris

Valdivia-Granda³

2017

Methods in Molecular Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As successive epidemics have swept the world, the scientific community has quickly learned from them about the emergence and transmission of communicable diseases. Epidemics usually occur when health systems are unprepared. During an unexpected epidemic, health authorities engage in damage control, fear drives action, and the desire to understand the threat is greatest. As humanity recovers, policy-makers seek scientific expertise to improve their "preparedness" to face future events.Global spread of disease is exemplified by the spread of yellow fever from Africa to the Americas, by the spread of dengue fever through transcontinental migration of mosquitos, by the relentless influenza virus pandemics, and, most recently, by the unexpected emergence of Ebola virus, spread by motorbike and long haul carriers. Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Did we learn from the past epidemics? Are we prepared for the worst?The ultimate goal is to develop a resilient global health infrastructure. Besides acquiring treatments, vaccines, and other preventive medicine, bio-surveillance is critical to preventing disease emergence and to counteracting its spread. So far, only the western hemisphere has a large and established monitoring system; however, diseases continue to emerge sporadically, in particular in Southeast Asia and South America, illuminating the imperfections of our surveillance. Epidemics destabilize fragile governments, ravage the most vulnerable populations, and threaten the global community.Pandemic risk calculations employ new technologies like computerized maintenance of geographical and historical datasets, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Next Generation sequencing, and Metagenomics to trace the molecular changes in pathogens during their emergence, and mathematical models to assess risk. Predictions help to pinpoint the hot spots of emergence, the populations at risk, and the pathogens under genetic evolution. Preparedness anticipates the risks, the needs of the population, the capacities of infrastructure, the sources of emergency funding, and finally, the international partnerships needed to manage a disaster before it occurs. At present, the world is in an intermediate phase of trying to reduce health disparities despite exponential population growth, political conflicts, migration, global trade, urbanization, and major environmental changes due to global warming. For the sake of humanity, we must focus on developing the necessary capacities for health surveillance, epidemic preparedness, and pandemic response.

show abstract

Section: Yellow Fever Virus Yfv: a Timeless Plaguementioning

confidence: 99%

Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics

Gonzalez

Souris

Valdivia-Granda³

2017

Methods in Molecular Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It remains unclear whether the virus circulated through a sylvatic cycle in rural areas, or if it was maintained through silent circulation in the region since the last epidemic which ended ~28 years ago [164]. Nevertheless, the fact that YFV is still endemic in the region implies that it may re-emerge in the future under favourable conditions [165]. The most recent YFV outbreak in Africa began in Nigeria.…”

Section: In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (I)

Klitting

Fischer

Drexler

et al. 2018

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The recent resurgence of yellow fever virus (YFV) activity in the tropical regions of Africa and South America has sparked renewed interest in this infamous arboviral disease. YFV had been a human plague for centuries prior to the identification of its urban transmission vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito species, and the development of an efficient live-attenuated vaccine, the YF-17D strain. The combination of vector-control measures and vaccination campaigns drastically reduced YFV incidence in humans on many occasions, but the virus never ceased to circulate in the forest, through its sylvatic invertebrate vector(s) and vertebrate host(s). Outbreaks recently reported in Central Africa (2015)(2016) and Brazil (since late 2016), reached considerable proportions in terms of spatial distribution and total numbers of cases, with multiple exports, including to China. In turn, questions regarding the likeliness of occurrence of large urban YFV outbreaks in the Americas or of a successful import of YFV to Asia are currently resurfacing. This two-part review describes the current state of knowledge and gaps regarding the molecular biology and transmission dynamics of YFV, along with an overview of the tools that can be used to manage the disease at the individual, local and global levels.

show abstract

“…All 18 provinces in Angola reported cases and deaths due to YF. After multiple vaccination campaigns, requiring 20 million doses of 17D vaccine, the outbreak in Angola was under control [34] and was the largest outbreak in Angola since 1971 [35], with 4,347 suspected cases and 377 deaths [34]. There have been examples of introduction of YFV to other locales by virus-infected humans during outbreaks; this became very evident during the Angola outbreak.…”

Section: Lessons Learned From Concurrent Outbreaks In Africa: Fractiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Live Attenuated Yellow Fever 17D Vaccine: A Legacy Vaccine Still Controlling Outbreaks In Modern Day

Collins

Barrett

2017

Curr Infect Dis Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose of Review Live attenuated 17D vaccine is considered one of the safest and efficacious vaccines developed to date. This review highlights what is known and the gaps in knowledge of vaccine-induced protective immunity. Recent Findings Recently, the World Health Organization modifying its guidance from 10-year booster doses to one dose gives lifelong protection in most populations. Nonetheless, there are some data suggesting immunity, though protective, may wane over time in certain populations and more research is needed to address this question. Despite having an effective vaccine to control yellow fever, vaccine shortages were identified during outbreaks in 2016, eventuating the use of a fractional-dosing campaign in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Summary Limited studies hinder identification of the underlying mechanism(s) of vaccine longevity; however, concurrent outbreaks during 2016 provide an opportunity to evaluate vaccine immunity following fractional dosing and insights into vaccine longevity in populations where there is limited information.

show abstract

Resurgence of Yellow Fever in Angola, 2015–2016

Cited by 91 publications

References 6 publications

Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics

Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics

What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (I)

Live Attenuated Yellow Fever 17D Vaccine: A Legacy Vaccine Still Controlling Outbreaks In Modern Day

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About