Revitalising sodium–sulfur batteries for non-high-temperature operation: a crucial review

Abstract

Rechargeable sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries are regarded as a promising energy storage technology due to their high energy density and low cost. High-temperature sodium-sulfur (HT Na-S) batteries with molten sodium and...

Operational Strategies to Improve the Performance and Long‐Term Cyclability of Intermediate Temperature Sodium‐Sulfur Batteries

“…[25] The rise in R LF (charge transfer resistance) after the 21 st discharge points out the formation of low-order polysulfides in the catholyte. [18] In Figure 6b, the Raman spectrum shows a change in the higher Raman shift regions, further supporting the formation of lowerorder polysulfides in the recovered catholyte after 21 cycles. [37] Besides, the Raman spectrum substantiates that the chemical infrastructure of TEGDME remains unaltered in the recovered catholyte.…”

“…[13][14][15][16][17] The IT-NaS adopted an analogous tubular configuration to the HT-NaS with the BASE solid separator in-between central anode and outer cathode. [18] The commercialized HT-NaS and Zebra battery technologies prefer the central sodium anode to be encapsulated by tubular BASE than the stacked planner cell designed with flat plate BASE, owing to safety reasons and simplified manufacturing process. [19] To reduce the operating temperature, the cathodic side of IT-NaS was altered by presolvating the sulfur/polysulfide mixture in an organic solvent analogous to the one used in RT-NaS's electrolytes.…”

“…The IT‐NaS adopted an analogous tubular configuration to the HT‐NaS with the BASE solid separator in‐between central anode and outer cathode [18] . The commercialized HT‐NaS and Zebra battery technologies prefer the central sodium anode to be encapsulated by tubular BASE than the stacked planner cell designed with flat plate BASE, owing to safety reasons and simplified manufacturing process [19] .…”

Research Progress toward Room Temperature Sodium Sulfur Batteries: A Review

“…The high operating temperature not only causes a loss of electrical energy, but also may cause the failure of the solid electrolyte, which causes explosions and fires due to contact between the cathode and the anode. These problems limit the wide application of high-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries [ 13 ].…”

“…Although room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries solve the problems of explosion, energy consumption and corrosion of high-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries, their cycle life is much shorter than that associated with high-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries. For a wider range of applications, its cycle performance needs to be improved [ 13 ].…”