RF-EMF exposure induced by mobile phones operating in LTE small cells in two different urban cities

Mazloum, Taghrid; Aerts, Sam; Joseph, Wout; Wiart, Joe

doi:10.1007/s12243-018-0680-1

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Data are insufficient to actually evaluate the levels of exposure from various EMF sources and to grasp the transition of wireless technologies in an individual's various activities in daily life. Research on exposure level monitoring has already been conducted mainly in Europe and other countries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. In some countries, the exposure levels from mobile phone base stations and broadcasting transmission towers have been monitored and disclosed [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another important point is to investigate the actual EMF level in the vicinity of a mobile phone, because they are usually used close to the head and the body. Thus, exposure levels from mobile phones were also evaluated in other countries [14][15][16]. Since it is difficult to evaluate exposure levels anywhere and anytime, some techniques to extrapolate and estimate using measurement or simulation data are proposed and studied [17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Radiofrequency Exposure Levels from Mobile Phone Base Stations in Outdoor Environments and an Underground Shopping Mall in Japan

Onishi

Ikuyo

Tobita

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Recent progress in wireless technologies has made human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) increasingly complex. The situation can increase public concerns related to possible health effects due to EMF exposure. Monitoring EMF exposure levels and characterizing them are indispensable for risk communications of human exposure to EMFs. From this background, a project on the acquisition, accumulation, and applications of EMF exposure monitoring data in Japan was started in 2019. One of the objectives of this project is to obtain a comprehensive picture of EMF exposure in actual daily lives. In 2019 and 2020, we measured the electric field (E-field) strength from mainly mobile phone base stations in the same areas as those in measurements conducted in 2006 and 2007 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan, and compared the data to investigate the time-course of the EMF environment. The number of measured points was 100 (10 × 10 grids) in an area of 1 km × 1 km in two urban and two suburban areas, and that in an underground shopping mall was 158. This large-scale study is the first in Japan. As a result, we found that the measured E-field strengths tended to be higher in 2019 and 2020 than those in 2006 and 2007, especially in the mall. However, the median ratios to the Japanese radio wave protection guideline values for urban areas and malls are lower than −40 dB.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency Exposure Levels from Mobile Phone Base Stations in Outdoor Environments and an Underground Shopping Mall in Japan

Onishi

Ikuyo

Tobita

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Obtained results are presented graphically, calculating CDF (Cumulative Distribution Function), similar as in [9], where the measurement was performed in outdoor environment. The range of referent values of RSRP, RSRQ and SINR parameters are shown in the Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the impact of network architecture on signal quality in LTE technology

et al. 2020

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In this paper, the impact of the network architecture on signal quality in the fourth generation of the public mobile network is analyzed. The analysis was performed using RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power), RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality), SINR (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) and throughput parameters in indoor environment. The signal quality parameters were collected by measurement using TEMS Investigation and TEMS Pocket software. The measurements were carried out at the School of Electrical Engineering on the ground floor of the Technical Faculty building for the macro and micro cell scenario. It has been found that better signal quality is ensured in micro cells. Quality of the signal is also considered by the various services provided to the users.

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“…EMF exists everywhere in our surroundings quite naturally, and in particular both natural and artificial light are forms of EMF [12]. In [13], EMF is generated by mobile-phones and their base stations, 802.11 devices, microwave ovens, computer screens, telecommunications devices, broadcast facilities and any similar transmitters. This radiation reaches the body of any human in its path, so that part of its power is reflected away from the body, and another part is absorbed, and a third part passes through [10,14].…”

Section: Current Emf Exposure Limitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral density constraints on wireless communication

Alhasnawi

Abdulla

Fatseas

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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Environmental exposure to man-made electromagnetic field (EMF) has been rising as modern technologies have grown and changes in social behavior have generated more synthetic sources. For safety of human health, EMF levels need to be regulated. The level of EMF should be well below levels where there might be harm, hence we do not expect to see any health effects at these levels. Current regulations fail to place a strict limit on EMF in situations where multiple nearby devices transmit simultaneously. The way these regulations are expressed needs great care because it will have an effect on the design of wireless communication systems. In this paper, it is argued that transmitted power constraints on wireless communication devices should be expressed in a different way, namely that devices should limit the EMF spectral density that they generate to the difference between the maximum allowed, by the standard, and the amount currently present, as measured by the device, in the spectral region where it is active. Note that the limit on EMF should be expressed in terms of its EMF spectral density rather than as a total EMF over each of a series of separate bands. If all devices limit their own EMF spectral density, in the spectral region where they are active, in such a way that total EMF spectral density is below the regulated limit in that region, then it is certain that the aggregate EMF spectral density will be below the regulated limit at all frequencies.

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RF-EMF exposure induced by mobile phones operating in LTE small cells in two different urban cities

Cited by 30 publications

References 9 publications

Radiofrequency Exposure Levels from Mobile Phone Base Stations in Outdoor Environments and an Underground Shopping Mall in Japan

Radiofrequency Exposure Levels from Mobile Phone Base Stations in Outdoor Environments and an Underground Shopping Mall in Japan

Analysis of the impact of network architecture on signal quality in LTE technology

Spectral density constraints on wireless communication

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