Role of Biomaterials Used for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration—A Concise Evidence-Based Review

Abstract

Periodontal infections are noncommunicable chronic inflammatory diseases of multifactorial origin that can induce destruction of both soft and hard tissues of the periodontium. The standard remedial modalities for periodontal regeneration include nonsurgical followed by surgical therapy with the adjunctive use of various biomaterials to achieve restoration of the lost tissues. Lately, there has been substantial development in the field of biomaterial, which includes the sole or combined use of osseous grafts, barrier membranes, growth factors and autogenic substitutes to achieve tissue and bone regeneration. Of these, bone replacement grafts have been widely explored for their osteogenic potential with varied outcomes. Osseous grafts are derived from either human, bovine or synthetic sources. Though the biologic response from autogenic biomaterials may be better, the use of bone replacement synthetic substitutes could be practical for clinical practice. This comprehensive review focuses initially on bone graft replacement substitutes, namely ceramic-based (calcium phosphate derivatives, bioactive glass) and autologous platelet concentrates, which assist in alveolar bone regeneration. Further literature compilations emphasize the innovations of biomaterials used as bone substitutes, barrier membranes and complex scaffold fabrication techniques that can mimic the histologically vital tissues required for the regeneration of periodontal apparatus.

Therapeutic Agent-Loaded Fibrous Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

“…Osteogenesis and vascularization have been used to regenerate the alveolar bone that supports the teeth [ 231 , 233 ]. In addition to bone regeneration, the wound-healing process is also applicable for regenerating the soft tissue that covers the periodontium [ 2 , 233 , 234 ].…”

“…Fibrous scaffolds exhibit excellent characteristics, including adjustable biodegradability, appropriate mechanical properties, and high porosity, which make them promising materials for use in regenerative medicine [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. In addition to providing a suitable environment for cell growth [ 4 ], these scaffolds offer flexibility for drug loading [ 5 ], enabling them to be used as implantable [ 6 ] and degradable drug carriers [ 7 ] for treating diseases and repairing tissues.…”

Suckermouth catfish bone extract as bone graft raw material for bone-healing promotes bone growth in bone loss

“…The need for HA for bone grafts has significantly increased in response to the rise in occurrences of alveolar bone loss [18][19][20]. This problem necessitates creating and investigating substitute HA materials for bone graft raw materials made from natural materials.…”

Efficacy of Calcium Phosphate Composite Bone Graft in Treatment of Periodontal Intrabony Defects: Clinico-Radiographic Study

“…The beta tricalcium promote the regeneration of the bone. It basically dematerlised the phosphate and calcium ions that ultimately [7][8] stimulate the formation of the new bone. It is observed that the regeneration of tissues in the periodontal area is not an easy task.…”