Periodontal infections are noncommunicable chronic inflammatory diseases of multifactorial origin that can induce destruction of both soft and hard tissues of the periodontium. The standard remedial modalities for periodontal regeneration include nonsurgical followed by surgical therapy with the adjunctive use of various biomaterials to achieve restoration of the lost tissues. Lately, there has been substantial development in the field of biomaterial, which includes the sole or combined use of osseous grafts, barrier membranes, growth factors and autogenic substitutes to achieve tissue and bone regeneration. Of these, bone replacement grafts have been widely explored for their osteogenic potential with varied outcomes. Osseous grafts are derived from either human, bovine or synthetic sources. Though the biologic response from autogenic biomaterials may be better, the use of bone replacement synthetic substitutes could be practical for clinical practice. This comprehensive review focuses initially on bone graft replacement substitutes, namely ceramic-based (calcium phosphate derivatives, bioactive glass) and autologous platelet concentrates, which assist in alveolar bone regeneration. Further literature compilations emphasize the innovations of biomaterials used as bone substitutes, barrier membranes and complex scaffold fabrication techniques that can mimic the histologically vital tissues required for the regeneration of periodontal apparatus.

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Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) encompass various conditions affecting the heart and its blood vessels. Some CVDs, such as ischemic heart disease, angina, stroke, and atherosclerosis, are often linked with oral microbes. The link between the oral cavity and CVDs is complex. Certain pathogenic oral microbes invade the systemic circulation via bacteraemia or other methods and can significantly increase pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Studies have linked oral microbes, systemic inflammation and immune cross-reactivity in the pathogenesis of atherogenesis. Our secondary data analysis aimed to identify oral bacteria from other non-oral sites (i.e. gut, arterial plaque and cultured blood) that could be linked with CVDs. Methods: Taxonomic profiling of the entire data set was performed using Kaiju software; bacteria were identified to the species level and compared with the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD). The oral bacteria in the gut, cultured blood and arterial plaque samples were catalogued, with their average frequency calculated for each sample. Additionally, data were filtered by comparison with the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) database. Results: We identified 17,243 microbial species, of which 410 were present in the HOMD database and further denominated as “oral”. When considering identifications at the species level, all 410 different oral bacterial species were found in at least one gut sample, but only 221 and 169 species were identified in the cultured blood and plaque samples, respectively. Of the 410 species, 153 were present solely in oral-associated environments after comparison with the HMP database, irrespective of their presence in other body sites. The oral bacterial phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacterium, Proteobacteria, Spirochetes, Synergistetes and Tenericutes were identified in all three sample types (faeces, arterial plaque and cultured blood) of patients with CVDs. Streptococcus salivarius species was identified as the highest-represented species in the faeces samples. Cutibacterium acnes and Lactobacillus crispatus were found at the highest frequency in cultured blood and plaque samples, respectively. Conclusion: Oral bacteria related to gingival and periodontal disease can be identified in the faeces, arterial plaque and blood samples of patients with CVDs. Identifying these oral bacterial species in nonoral sites of patients with CVDs would explore the link between oral health and general health, including diseases of the cardiovascular system via bacterial translocation.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) encompass various conditions affecting the heart and its blood vessels. Some CVDs, such as ischemic heart disease, angina, stroke, and atherosclerosis, are often linked with oral microbes. The link between the oral cavity and CVDs is complex. Certain pathogenic oral microbes invade the systemic circulation via bacteraemia or other methods and can significantly increase pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Studies have linked oral microbes, systemic inflammation and immune cross-reactivity in the pathogenesis of atherogenesis. Our secondary data analysis aimed to identify oral bacteria from other non-oral sites (i.e. gut, arterial plaque and cultured blood) that could be linked with CVDs. Methods: Taxonomic profiling of the entire data set was performed using Kaiju software; bacteria were identified to the species level and compared with the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD). The oral bacteria in the gut, cultured blood and arterial plaque samples were catalogued, with their average frequency calculated for each sample. Additionally, data were filtered by comparison with the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) database. Results: We identified 17,243 microbial species, of which 410 were present in the HOMD database and further denominated as “oral”. When considering identifications at the species level, all 410 different oral bacterial species were found in at least one gut sample, but only 221 and 169 species were identified in the cultured blood and plaque samples, respectively. Of the 410 species, 153 were present solely in oral-associated environments after comparison with the HMP database, irrespective of their presence in other body sites. The oral bacterial phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacterium, Proteobacteria, Spirochetes, Synergistetes and Tenericutes were identified in all three sample types (faeces, arterial plaque and cultured blood) of patients with CVDs. Streptococcus salivarius species was identified as the highest-represented species in the faeces samples. Cutibacterium acnes and Lactobacillus crispatus were found at the highest frequency in cultured blood and plaque samples, respectively. Conclusion: Oral bacteria related to gingival and periodontal disease can be identified in the faeces, arterial plaque and blood samples of patients with CVDs. Identifying these oral bacterial species in nonoral sites of patients with CVDs would explore the link between oral health and general health, including diseases of the cardiovascular system via bacterial translocation.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory mechanism causing step by step destruction of the periodontal tissues and alveolar bone. Periodontal treatment is intended to restore the tissues damaged by the disease. Various periodontal procedures have been introduced to lower the destruction; statins are being one among them. They are cholesterol-reducing drugs which have shown to promote bone formation and proven to be effective in periodontal therapy. However, statins have numerous actions, with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, as well as the capacity to accelerate new bone formation. The pleiotropic effects of statins have been assessed for their prospective advantage in the therapy of several inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases including periodontitis. Such features could be beneficial for periodontal therapies. This article goes through the history and effects of statins and explores its potential role in periodontal regenerative therapy.