Role of Kaolinite Clay Minerals in Enhanced Oil Recovery by Low Salinity Water Injection

Puntervold, Tina; Mamonov, Aleksandr; Aghaeifar, Zahra; Frafjord, Gunvor Oline; Moldestad, Gyrid Marie; Strand, Skule; Austad, Tor

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b00790

Cited by 45 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Calcite was identified to be the frequent non-clay mineral. CEC ranged from 2.11 to 29.17 (Puntervold et al, 2018). The TOC content of investigated soils ranges from 0.02 to 3.2% with a mean of 1.3%, where the background level was recorded as 0.52%.…”

Section: Soil Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Surface dispersal, emission source and human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in an active gas field, Southern Iran

Khodabakhshloo

Biswas

Moore

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The presence of heavy metal(loid)s in soils from anthropogenic sources such as activities related to fossil fuel processing area could pose serious threat to the ecosystem and human health. However, risk factors depend on the source, distribution and human interaction with these contaminants and therefore case specific study is needed. In this study, using a geological information system (GIS) and 63 surface soil samples, we fully assessed 190 km2 area of a developing gas region in southern Iran. Mean concentration of manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), total chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) was 341.24, 129.40, 32.90, 26.85, 16.56, 7.52, 0.67 and 0.63 mg kg− 1, respectively, while As, Pb, Zn and Cd surpassed the local background level. Moreover, soil pollution was also assessed by the contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and ecological risk factor (Er). Accordingly, these soils were classified as moderate to heavily polluted with As and Cd and un-polluted to slightly polluted by Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cr and Co. The GIS and soil collection point tracing showed that the natural gas processing and residential activities were both significant pollution sources where ingestion was the main contributor to heavy metal(loid)s uptake. Overall, the hazardous index for noncarcinogenic health impact was < 1 indicating no risk; however, children were at greater risk than the adult. Total carcinogenic risk (TCR) index from As exceeded the maximum tolerable level (1.0E-04) for children and adults. Chromium Co, Cd and Pb exposure were within the acceptable limit in the adult group (TCR < 1.0E-06), but the Pb and Cr health-hazardous indices were higher than guideline value indicating the potential of cancer risk in children. Therefore, remedial actions are required to eliminate or reduce the toxicity of As, Cr and Pb attributed to the impacted soil.

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Section: Soil Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Surface dispersal, emission source and human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in an active gas field, Southern Iran

Khodabakhshloo

Biswas

Moore

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…As the pH of flood water rises, so does the adsorption of polar components onto kaolinite clay. However, decreases in salinity have no substantial influence on adsorption (Puntervold et al, 2018). The water wetness in some porous media will be lower as a result of this feature.…”

Section: Clay Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of temperature on the pH of water flood effluents and irreducible water saturation: A study with reference to the Barail sandstone outcrop of the upper Assam Basin

Neog

2021

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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Low salinity water flooding (LSWF) is a promising strategy for improving oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs, and recent studies have shown that the recovery with low salinity water injection is a function of not only the salinity and ionic composition but also of the pH of injected brine, temperature, and the combined effect of both on the wetting properties of the clay mineral surfaces. Following brine flooding, the initial wettability of sandstone rock surfaces existed when crude oil, formation water (FW), and rock surface interaction were in chemical equilibrium at reservoir condition changes based on brine pH, salinity, temperature, and clay mineralogy. This study proposes pH, core flood temperature, and irreducible water saturation as key parameters in inducing wettability changes in the sandstone porous media. In the present work, the sandstone cores were subjected to flooding at temperatures of 70 °C, 85 °C, and 105 °C and measured the pH of the discharge effluents and initial or irreducible water saturation with respect to varying temperatures. This paper investigates the rise of the pH gradient and irreducible water saturation, Swir with respect to LS flooding, at increasing temperatures using a Barail sandstone core. The key results include the following: The pH of the flood effluents increases with increasing core flood temperature, which indicates a shifting of the existing wetting state of the rock. The combined effects of increasing pH and initial or irreducible water saturation pertaining to low salinity flooding at progressively increasing temperatures result in increasing water wettability of the sandstone rock. Increasing flooding temperatures cause an increase in Swir, which follows a linear relationship. The findings of the paper highlight the link of increasing pH and irreducible water saturation with the water wetting properties of the sandstone reservoir rock and hence the fluid flow or the oil–water relative permeability behaviour. This paper proposes that increased irreducible water saturation and pH of water flood effluents are connected to increasing water wetness in a sandstone rock as a function of elevated temperatures. As adequate work and consensus on the potential effects of temperature on wettability alteration under low salinity water flooding is still lacking, the current work in relation to the Barail sandstone of the upper Assam basin could be a novel reference for understanding of the importance of temperature dependent wettability alteration behaviour in sandstone cores. The findings of this study can assist in the formation of a novel approach towards considering the increasing irreducible water saturation and pH of the brine effluent as an effect of alternatively injection of low salinity water at elevated temperatures on sandstone porous rock.

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“…On the one hand, the network bridging distribution cuts a large number of pore throats into tiny bound pores, which results in the reduction of pore throat connectivity. On the other hand, after contact with groundwater, some illite will expand weakly and the filiform illite will also be dissolved and destroyed, which spreads, transfers and blocks the throat [33]. Clay minerals such as montmorillonite and mixed illite/smectite exhibit a semicellular distribution (Figure 7b).…”

Section: Effect Of Clay Mineralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Effect of Movable Water Saturation on Gas Production in Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs

Zhang

Shen

et al. 2020

Energies

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The movable water saturation of tight sandstone reservoirs is an important parameter in characterizing water production capacity, and there is a great need to understand the relationship between movable water saturation and water production characteristics. However, movable water behavior in this context remains unclear. In this study, four groups of tight sandstone cores from the Sulige gas field are measured to understand the movable water saturation characteristics. Then, the effects such as reservoir micropore throat, clay mineral and physical properties on movable water saturation are analyzed, and the movable water saturation and water production characteristics are discussed. The results show that higher movable water saturation will result in a greater amount of water in the gas drive. There is a critical pressure difference of the gas drive, and a large amount of movable water will flow out. Movable water saturation is independent of the porosity, permeability and initial water saturation, while it is closely related to the reservoir micropore throat and clay mineral content. Movable water is mainly distributed in the medium and large pores; the larger the proportion of such pores, the higher the degree of movable water saturation. A lower mineral content will lead to higher movable water saturation in tight sandstone gas reservoirs. These results provide clues for identifying gas–water bearing reservoirs and evaluating and predicting the water production characteristics in gas wells in tight sandstone gas reservoirs.

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Role of Kaolinite Clay Minerals in Enhanced Oil Recovery by Low Salinity Water Injection

Cited by 45 publications

References 24 publications

Surface dispersal, emission source and human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in an active gas field, Southern Iran

Surface dispersal, emission source and human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in an active gas field, Southern Iran

Effect of temperature on the pH of water flood effluents and irreducible water saturation: A study with reference to the Barail sandstone outcrop of the upper Assam Basin

Study of the Effect of Movable Water Saturation on Gas Production in Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs

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