Screening diagnostic biomarkers of OSCC via an LCM-based proteomic approach

Abstract

The current standard for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is based on the histologic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections; however, the discrimination among normal tissue, pre‑cancerous lesions and cancerous lesions can be difficult. The aim of the present study was to identify proteins with diagnostic significance in differentiating or predicting oral mucosal carcinogenesis. Proteomic profiling based on the laser capture microdissection of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples was performed, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate the results. IHC of cytokeratins (CKs) was performed in neck dissection treatment cases. The accuracy rate and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the value of CKs as biomarkers of OSCC. A lymph node metastasis mouse model was used to validate the selected biomarkers. Among the proteins identified using LC/MS, several CKs exhibited significant differential expression patterns between the cancerous and para-cancerous tissues. The IHC results showed that negative staining of CK4 and CK10/13 distinguished cancerous from para-cancerous tissues with an accuracy of 90% (95% CI, 0.68-0.99) and 75% (95% CI, 0.51-0.91), respectively. Furthermore, the positive staining of CK14 and CK17 clearly distinguished cancerous from para-cancerous lesions with an accuracy of 100% (95% CI, 83-100%) and 90% (95% CI, 0.68-0.99), respectively. There was also CK14-positive staining in micro-metastases of lymph nodes in the clinical samples and in an animal model.

The Current Scenario Regarding the Narrative Advancement of Oral Cancer

“…Genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic are some generic terms for biomarkers. The role of anti-inflammatory drugs on cancer prevention [39] Celecoxib Common treatments for mouth cancer include: [40,41] • Surgery: A treatment called tumor resection involves entirely removing the mouth tumor. Depending on where the tumor is located, a little incision may be made in the jawbone or neck to make removal easier.…”

Oral cancer diagnosis and perspectives in India

“… Incisional biopsy Microscopic examination Oral tissue Cytokeratin-19 NA A small piece of tissue is required Performed in suspected cases of malignancy and pre-malignancy Detailed, specific, and accurate analysis Increased risk of metastasis of malignant lesions Avoided in vascular cases 1000-2000 [ 35 ] 16. Laser capture microdissection Cell extraction and molecular characterization Oral tissue Proteins (CK-14, CK-17) NA Accurate and quick cell separation Preserves tissue morphology Expensive Sample contamination High level of expertise required 6000 [ 36 , 37 ] 17. Laser-induced tissue auto-fluorescence Fluorometry Oral mucosa (in situ) NADH, elastin, collagen 100 % High sensitivity Low sample volume Rapid Suitable for in situ testing Limited depth of penetration - [ 38 ] 18.…”

Investigation of the Prognostic Role of Carbonic Anhydrase 9 (CAIX) of the Cellular mRNA/Protein Level or Soluble CAIX Protein in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

“…New interesting approaches to estimating the individual prognosis of OSCC patients are the analysis of the immune profile of OSCC [9,10,11], the analysis of long non-coding RNAs [12,13], and miRNAs, e.g., from the serum or saliva of patients as a liquid biopsy [14,15,16,17,18,19], metabolic products [20] or even cell-free DNA [21] also using new technologies such as the proteomic approach or microarray [22,23,24].…”