Secondary electron yield of SiO2 and Si3N4 thin films for continuous dynode electron multipliers

Fijol, J.J.; Then, Alan M.; Tasker, G. W.; Soave, R.

doi:10.1016/0169-4332(91)90376-u

Cited by 67 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…(2) There is one experimental report of SEY of 2.9 at reflective mode at primary energy of 350 eV for LPCVD silicon nitride thin films [8]. (3) Mechanically stable and ultrathin (in order of 10 nm) silicon nitride films can be realized through MEMS technology [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Properties of Silicon-Rich Silicon Nitride (SixNyHz) from First Principles

et al. 2015

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Abstract:The real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index of SixNyHz have been calculated from first principles. Optical spectra for reflectivity, absorption coefficient, energy-loss function (ELF), and refractive index were obtained. The results for Si3N4 are in agreement with the available theoretical and experimental results. To understand the electron energy loss mechanism in Si-rich silicon nitride, the influence of the Si/N ratio, the positions of the access Si atoms, and H in and on the surface of the ELF have been investigated. It has been found that all defects, such as dangling bonds in the bulk and surfaces, increase the intensity of the ELF in the low energy range (below 10 eV). H in the bulk and on the surface has a healing effect, which can reduce the intensity of the loss peaks by saturating the dangling bonds. Electronic structure analysis has confirmed the origin of the changes in the ELF. It has demonstrated that the changes in ELF are not only affected by the composition but also by the microstructures of the materials. The results can be used to tailor the optical properties, in this case the ELF of Si-rich Si3N4, which is essential for secondary electron emission applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Properties of Silicon-Rich Silicon Nitride (SixNyHz) from First Principles

et al. 2015

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“…A first test with such a coating in an AMCP led to an increase of the gain by a factor of 2 [102]. Possible alternatives to explore are SiO2, Si3N4 [106] or diamond-like layers [107]. [101].…”

Section: Amcp Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of amorphous silicon based particle detectors: the quest for single particle detection

Wyrsch

Ballif

2016

Semicond. Sci. Technol.

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Abstract. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) is attractive for radiation detectors because of its radiation resistance and processability over large areas and with mature Si microfabrication techniques. While the use of a-Si:H for medical imaging has been very successful, the development of detectors for particle tracking and minimum-ionizing-particle detection has lagged, with almost no practical implementation. This paper reviews the development of various types of a-Si:H-based detectors and discusses their respective achievements and limitations. It also presents more recent developments of detectors that could potentially achieve single particle detection and be integrated in a monolithic fashion into a variety of applications.

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“…These authors also report that ions with a higher energy induce the emission of multiple electrons from the MCP glass. Assuming the MCP axial accelerating field is sufficiently strong (~1 kV/mm), so that each secondary electron striking the MCP wall has an energy above the threshold value of about 20-30 eV [10], an avalanche of electrons will subsequently be produced. Standard photon or particlecounting MCP detectors operate at gains of about 10 6 -10 7 , and various readout options have been developed depending upon the specific combination of detector parameters desired (such as counting rate, spatial resolution requirements, need for multi-particle detection, etc.).…”

Section: Neutron Detection Efficiency For a Single Neutronmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, it is desirable to minimize the channel wall thickness in order to maximize the escape probability P 2 of the reaction products. However, the MCPs having the thinnest channel walls, corresponding to the smallest channel diameters (2 microns, available commercially from Burle [16]), represent a considerable technological achievement in its own right, given the fragility of submicron glass channel walls and the very high applied 17 fields (~10 kV/mm) that must be sustained across the MCP glass, needed to accelerate secondary electrons above the first crossover potential (~20 eV) before striking the opposing channel wall [10]. Unfortunately, one of the essential MCP manufacturing steps of acid core etch becomes essentially impossible for large L MCP /d ratios (>500:1), especially given the presence of boron, which only increases acid solubility.…”

Section: Model Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, the MCP must be made sufficiently thick in combination with a high number density of 10 For all these reasons, it becomes attractive to simply stack several MCPs together, in the widely used chevron or Z-stack arrangement [5]. Not only are pulse-counting gain 10 levels of ~10 6 to 10 7 reached, allowing electronic imaging readout methods to be used, but total neutron absorption is also increased, as determined by the overall MCP thickness.…”

Section: Stacking Mcps To Attain Greater Neutron Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficiency optimization of microchannel plate (MCP) neutron imaging detectors. I. Square channels with 10B doping

Tremsin

Feller

Downing

2005

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

108

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Microchannel plate (MCP) event-counting imaging detectors with very high spatial resolution (~10 µm) and timing accuracy (~100 ps) are widely employed for the detection and imaging applications of electrons and ions, as well as UV and X-ray photons.Recently it was demonstrated that the many advantages of MCPs are also applicable to neutron detection with high 2-dimensional spatial resolution. Boron, enriched in the isotope 10 B, was added to the MCP glass structure to enhance the neutron interaction within the MCP through the 10 B(n,α) 7 Li reaction. The energetic charged particle reaction products release secondary electrons directly into MCP channels, initiating an electron avalanche and a subsequent strong output pulse. In this paper we present a detailed model for calculating the quantum detection efficiency of MCP neutron detectors incorporating * Corresponding author. E-mail address: ast@ssl.berkeley.edu (A.S.Tremsin) 2 10 B, for the specific case of square channel MCP geometry. This model predicts that for thermal neutrons (0.025 eV), MCP detection efficiencies of up to 78% are possible using square channels. We also show theoretically that square channel MCPs should have a very sharp (~ 17 mrad) angular drop in sensitivity for detection of normal incidence neutrons, opening up new possibilities for angle-sensitive neutron imaging as well as collimation. The calculations can be used to optimize MCP neutron detection efficiency for a variety of applications. In a subsequent companion paper, the model will be extended to the case of hexagonally-packed circular channels.

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Secondary electron yield of SiO2 and Si3N4 thin films for continuous dynode electron multipliers

Cited by 67 publications

References 11 publications

Optical Properties of Silicon-Rich Silicon Nitride (SixNyHz) from First Principles

Optical Properties of Silicon-Rich Silicon Nitride (SixNyHz) from First Principles

Review of amorphous silicon based particle detectors: the quest for single particle detection

Efficiency optimization of microchannel plate (MCP) neutron imaging detectors. I. Square channels with 10B doping

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