Selection for aerobic capacity affects corticosterone, monoamines and wheel-running activity

Waters, R. Parrish; Renner, Kenneth J.; Pringle, Ronald B.; Summers, Cliff H.; Britton, Steven L.; Koch, Lauren G.; Swallow, John G.

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.01.013

Cited by 60 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Here, we report for the first time that HR mice of both sexes have elevated treadmill endurance-running capacity compared with C mice. Thus, the results of this mouse selection experiment are consistent with findings from a selection experiment using rats in which bidirectional selection for treadmill endurance has led to corresponding divergence between the up-and down-selected lines in both V O2max and voluntary wheel running (Waters et al, 2008).The mechanistic basis of high endurance is multifactorial (Myburgh, 2003) (Table 3), it is not related to differences from the C lines with respect to haematocrit or the relative masses of heart ventricles, lungs, liver, spleen and triceps surae muscle (see also Swallow et al, 2005;Rezende et al, 2006c).Our results suggest that both C and HR lines have higher endurance capacities than some standard inbred strains of mice (see also Lightfoot et al, 2001). In our study, with a 25 deg.…”

supporting

confidence: 84%

Endurance capacity of mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running

Meek

Lonquich

Hannon

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYMice from four lines bred for high voluntary wheel activity run ~3-fold more revolutions per day and have elevated maximal oxygen consumption during forced treadmill exercise, as compared with four unselected control (C) lines. We hypothesized that these high runner (HR) lines would have greater treadmill endurance-running capacity. Ninety-six mice from generation 49 were familiarized with running on a motorized treadmill for 3 days. On days 4 and 5, mice were given an incremental speed test (starting at 20 m min -1 , increased 1.5 m min -1 every 2 min) and endurance was measured as the total time or distance run to exhaustion. Blood samples were taken to measure glucose and lactate concentrations at rest during the photophase, during peak nightly wheel running, and immediately following the second endurance test. Individual differences in endurance time were highly repeatable between days (r=0.79), and mice tended to run longer on the second day (paired t-test, P<0.0001). Blood glucose following the treadmill test was low for all animals (~53 mg dl -1 ) and lactate was high (~6.5 mmol l -1 ), suggesting that exhaustion occurred. The HR lines had significantly higher endurance than the C lines (1-tailed P<0.05), whether or not body mass was used as a covariate in the analysis. The relationship between line means for wheel running and treadmill endurance differed between the sexes, reinforcing previous studies that indicate sex-specific responses to selective breeding. HR mice appear to have a higher endurance capacity than reported in the literature for inbred strains of mice or transgenics intended to enhance endurance.Key words: artificial selection, endurance, exhaustion, experimental evolution, genetics, glucose, lactate, locomotor activity, wheel running. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 2909Endurance capacity of high-activity mice Kelly et al., 2006), increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by isolated extensor digitorum longus muscle (Dumke et al., 2001), and more GLUT4 in the gastrocnemius after 5 days of wheel access (Gomes et al., 2009). In addition, blood haemoglobin concentration was a positive predictor of V O2max in the HR lines, but a negative predictor in the C lines (Rezende et al., 2006c). However, direct measurements of endurance-running ability have not yet been performed.The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that HR mice have greater endurance than C mice in a graded-speed treadmill test (e.g. Lerman et al., 2002; Haubold et al., 2003). We also measured blood glucose and lactate concentrations at rest, during voluntary wheel running and at the end of the endurance test. We hypothesized that wheel running would increase blood lactate concentrations relative to those at rest, and that concentrations after the endurance test would be even higher. We also hypothesized that blood glucose concentrations would be decreased following the endurance trial compared with values at rest. In human beings, endurance-trained subjects e...

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supporting

confidence: 84%

Endurance capacity of mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running

Meek

Lonquich

Hannon

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Girard et al, 2007;Dlugosz et al, 2009;Gomes et al, 2009;Rezende et al, 2009). With video analysis, details of individual running bouts and the degree of intermittent locomotion can be quantified ) (see also Waters et al, 2008).…”

Section: Defining Voluntary Exercise and Spamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further studies of activityselected lines of mice (the HR lines) and of rats bred for treadmill endurance have revealed alterations in brain function that seem to indicate changes in motivation or propensity to exercise on wheels Foley et al, 2006;Morishima et al, 2006;Belke and Garland, 2007;Keeney et al, 2008;Waters et al, 2008 Howlett et al, 2009;Meek et al, 2009;Kolb et al, 2010), including altered plasticity for some traits in the HR lines of mice (Rhodes et al, 2003b;Swallow et al, 2005;Garland and Kelly, 2006;Gomes et al, 2009). Therefore, genetic factors are known to be involved in both motivation and ability to engage in voluntary wheel running in rodents.…”

Section: Genetic Basis Of Variation In Physical Activity and Related mentioning

confidence: 99%

The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives

Garland

Schutz

Chappell

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

382

434

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Summary Mammals expend energy in many ways, including basic cellular maintenance and repair, digestion, thermoregulation, locomotion, growth and reproduction. These processes can vary tremendously among species and individuals, potentially leading to large variation in daily energy expenditure (DEE). Locomotor energy costs can be substantial for large-bodied species and those with high-activity lifestyles. For humans in industrialized societies, locomotion necessary for daily activities is often relatively low, so it has been presumed that activity energy expenditure and DEE are lower than in our ancestors. Whether this is true and has contributed to a rise in obesity is controversial. In humans, much attention has centered on spontaneous physical activity (SPA) or non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), the latter sometimes defined so broadly as to include all energy expended due to activity, exclusive of volitional exercise. Given that most people in Western societies engage in little voluntary exercise, increasing NEAT may be an effective way to maintain DEE and combat overweight and obesity. One way to promote NEAT is to decrease the amount of time spent on sedentary behaviours (e.g. watching television). The effects of voluntary exercise on other components of physical activity are highly variable in humans, partly as a function of age, and have rarely been studied in rodents. However, most rodent studies indicate that food consumption increases in the presence of wheels; therefore, other aspects of physical activity are not reduced enough to compensate for the energetic cost of wheel running. Most rodent studies also show negative effects of wheel access on body fat, especially in males. Sedentary behaviours per se have not been studied in rodents in relation to obesity. Several lines of evidence demonstrate the important role of dopamine, in addition to other neural signaling networks (e.g. the endocannabinoid system), in the control of voluntary exercise. A largely separate literature points to a key role for orexins in SPA and NEAT. Brain reward centers are involved in both types of physical activities and eating behaviours, likely leading to complex interactions. Moreover, voluntary exercise and, possibly, eating can be addictive. A growing body of research considers the relationships between personality traits and physical activity, appetite, obesity and other aspects of physical and mental health. Future studies should explore the neurobiology, endocrinology and genetics of physical activity and sedentary behaviour by examining key brain areas, neurotransmitters and hormones involved in motivation, reward and/or the regulation of energy balance.

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“…We hypothesized that HCRs display higher expression of sirtuin, HSF and Hsp proteins compared to LCRs due to their verified longer median lifespan that is tightly coupled to maximal aerobic capacity and their presumed better capability to compensate aging-related oxidative stress. We also hypothesized that the studied protein levels are higher in HCRs in response to exercise as HCRs have been reported to engage in more voluntary activity on a running wheel and to be spontaneously more active in novel environments than LCRs Novak et al, 2010a;Waters et al, 2008). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%