Self Association of Folic Acid in Aqueous Solution by Proton Magnetic Resonance

Lam, Yui-Fai; Kotowycz, George

doi:10.1139/v72-374

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…b The N4-F7 distance is based on a few ILOE cross-peaks observed at longer mixing times. formation of large aggregates, which has been described previously (20,21). Lam and Kotowycz (20) suggested that the aggregates involve stacking interactions between approximately coplanar p-aminobenzoyl and pterin ring systems, such that the pterin ring of one folate is in close proximity with the p-aminbenzoyl rings of the adjacent folate molecules, and with alternate anionic glutamyl groups facing in opposite directions.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Interligand Overhauser Effects in Type II Dihydrofolate Reductase

Levy

Gabel

et al. 2001

Biochemistry

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R67 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a type II DHFR produced by bacteria as a resistance mechanism to the increased clinical use of the antibacterial drug trimethoprim. Type II DHFRs are not homologous in either sequence or structure with chromosomal DHFRs. The type II enzymes contain four identical subunits which form a homotetramer containing a single active site pore accessible from either end. Although the crystal structure of the complex of R67 DHFR with folate has been reported [Narayana et al. (1995) Nat. Struct. Biol. 2, 1018], the nature of the ternary complex which must form with substrate and cofactor is unclear. We have performed transferred NOE and interligand NOE (ILOE) studies to analyze the ternary complexes formed from NADP(+) and folate in order to probe the structure of the ternary complex. Consistent with previous studies of the binary complex formed from another type II DHFR, the ribonicotinamide bond of NADP(+) was found to adopt a syn conformation, while the adenosine moiety adopts an anti conformation. Large ILOE peaks connecting NADP(+) H4 and H5 with folate H9 protons are observed, while the absence of a large ILOE connecting NADP(+) H4 and H5 with folate H7 indicates that the relative orientation of the two ligands differs significantly from the orientation in the chromosomal enzyme. To obtain more detailed insight, we prepared and studied the folate analogue 2-deamino-2-methyl-5,8-dideazafolate (DMDDF) which contains additional protons in order to provide additional NOEs. For this analogue, the exchange characteristics of the corresponding ternary complex were considerably poorer, and it was necessary to utilize higher enzyme concentrations and higher temperature in order to obtain ILOE information. The results support a structure in which the NADP(+) and folate/DMDDF molecules extend in opposite directions parallel to the long axis of the pore, with the nicotinamide and pterin ring systems approximately stacked at the center. Such a structure leads to a ternary complex which is in many respects similar to the gas-phase theoretical calculations of the dihydrofolate-NADPH transition state by Andres et al. [(1996) Bioorg. Chem. 24, 10-18]. Analogous NMR studies performed on folate, DMDDF, and R67 DHFR indicate formation of a ternary complex in which two symmetry-related binding sites are occupied by folate and DMDDF.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Interligand Overhauser Effects in Type II Dihydrofolate Reductase

Levy

Gabel

et al. 2001

Biochemistry

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“…This may be explained by a side reaction involving chemical cross-linking of the of nanogel chains with bis-activated FA. Alternatively, swelling may be hindered by association of the FA moieties into multimers owing to Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions[16]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Folate-decorated nanogels for targeted therapy of ovarian cancer

et al. 2011

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Nanogels are comprised of swollen polymer networks and nearly 95 % water and can entrap diverse chemical and biological agents for cancer therapy with very high loading capacities. Here we use diblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(methacrylic acid) (PEO-b-PMA) to form nanogels with the desired degree of cross-linking. The nanogels are further conjugated to folic acid (FA) and loaded with different types of drugs (cisplatin, doxorubicin). For the first time we demonstrate a tumor-specific delivery and superior antitumor effect in vivo of an anti-cancer drug using these polyelectrolyte nanogels decorated with folate targeting groups. This reinforces the use of nanogels for the therapy of ovarian and other cancers, where folate receptor (FR) is over-expressed.

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“…500 MHz 1 H -NMR spectrum of 400 µM AcCoA in D 2 O, pD 7.4, 25°C (room temperature). Fully resolved spectral assignments were made on the basis of previous studies [72] , [73] .…”

Section: Supporting Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase to Folate-Dependent Acetyl CoA Hydrolase: Impact of Folic Acid on the Activity of (HUMAN)NAT1 and Its Homologue (MOUSE)NAT2

et al. 2014

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Acetyl Coenzyme A-dependent N-, O- and N,O-acetylation of aromatic amines and hydrazines by arylamine N-acetyltransferases is well characterised. Here, we describe experiments demonstrating that human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 and its murine homologue (Type 2) can also catalyse the direct hydrolysis of acetyl Coenzyme A in the presence of folate. This folate-dependent activity is exclusive to these two isoforms; no acetyl Coenzyme A hydrolysis was found when murine arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 or recombinant bacterial arylamine N-acetyltransferases were incubated with folate. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy allowed chemical modifications occurring during the catalytic reaction to be analysed in real time, revealing that the disappearance of acetyl CH 3 from acetyl Coenzyme A occurred concomitantly with the appearance of a CH 3 peak corresponding to that of free acetate and suggesting that folate is not acetylated during the reaction. We propose that folate is a cofactor for this reaction and suggest it as an endogenous function of this widespread enzyme. Furthermore, in silico docking of folate within the active site of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 suggests that folate may bind at the enzyme’s active site, and facilitate acetyl Coenzyme A hydrolysis. The evidence presented in this paper adds to our growing understanding of the endogenous roles of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 and its mouse homologue and expands the catalytic repertoire of these enzymes, demonstrating that they are by no means just xenobiotic metabolising enzymes but probably also play an important role in cellular metabolism. These data, together with the characterisation of a naphthoquinone inhibitor of folate-dependent acetyl Coenzyme A hydrolysis by human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1/murine arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 2, open up a range of future avenues of exploration, both for elucidating the developmental role of these enzymes and for improving chemotherapeutic approaches to pathological conditions including estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

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Self Association of Folic Acid in Aqueous Solution by Proton Magnetic Resonance

Cited by 22 publications

References 15 publications

Interligand Overhauser Effects in Type II Dihydrofolate Reductase

Interligand Overhauser Effects in Type II Dihydrofolate Reductase

Folate-decorated nanogels for targeted therapy of ovarian cancer

From Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase to Folate-Dependent Acetyl CoA Hydrolase: Impact of Folic Acid on the Activity of (HUMAN)NAT1 and Its Homologue (MOUSE)NAT2

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