Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of stroke in Hong Kong Chinese

Abstract

Low vitamin D levels have been associated with various cardiovascular diseases; however, whether it is associated with stroke remains inconclusive. We aimed to evaluate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of stroke. We conducted a cohort study consisting of 3,458 participants from the Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study aged ≥45 at baseline, examined between 1995 and 2010 and followed up using electronic medical records. Ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke were defined using the ICD-9 code. In multivariable Cox-proportional hazard regression, quintiles 1 and 4 were significantly associated with increased risk of stroke when compared to the highest quintile (Quintile 1: HR, 1.78; 95 % CI, 1.16-2.74 and quintile 4: HR, 1.61; 95 % CI, 1.07-2.43). A similar association was observed in both men and women. In subgroup analysis, the association was specifically observed for ischaemic stroke, but not haemorrhagic stroke. Using a penalized regression spline, the association between vitamin D and risk of stroke was in a reverse J-shape, with the lowest risk of stroke being observed at 25(OH)D levels between 70 and 80 nmol/l. In conclusion, a low vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of ischaemic stroke; however, whether high vitamin D level is also associated with increased risk of stroke requires further study.

Machine Learning Models Predicting Incidence, Severity, and Early Outcomes of Hemorrhagic Stroke from Weather Parameters and Individual Risk Factors

“…Previous studies on the association between RH and HS yielded inconsistent results (58,63). Some of them demonstrated no direct relationship between them (18,64,65,66,50,61). We found a weak positive correlation with the mean monthly change in RH.…”

The Impact of Homocysteine, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin D Levels on Functional Outcome after First-Ever Ischaemic Stroke

“…In a cohort study from Hong Kong, in participants 45 years of age or older, a low vitamin D level was associated with increased risk of IS. The lowest risk was found at 25(OH)D levels between 70 and 80 nmol/l [21], while the optimal blood level is estimated to range from 75 to 100 nmol/l (30 to 40 ng/ml) [22]. Vitamin D status is influenced by at least another vascular risk factor, smoking, showing that the interplay of various risk factors is an important issue that should be addressed in stroke patients [23].…”

A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the linkage between low vitamin D and the risk as well as the prognosis of stroke

“…Basic information of the included studies totally, 27 studies (Alfieri et al., 2017; Anderson et al., 2010; Bolland et al., 2009; Drechsler et al., 2010; Ford et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2019; Ji et al., 2017; Judd et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2020; Kojima et al., 2012; Kühn et al., 2013; Larsson et al., 2018; Leung et al., 2017; Marniemi et al., 2005; Michos et al., 2012; Perna et al., 2013; Schierbeck et al., 2012; Schneider et al., 2015; Skaaby et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2012; Szejko et al., 2022; Tan et al., 2017; Wei & Kuang, 2018; Xu et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2016; Zittermann et al., 2016) were finally involved in this study. The procedure of screening can be observed in Figure 1.…”