Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Thallium in Highly Saline Samples by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) Using Mercury‐Film and Bismuth‐Film Electrodes

Carvalho, Leandro Machado de; Nascimento, Paulo Cı́cero do; Koschinsky, Andrea; Bau, Michael; Stefanello, Raquel; Spengler, Cristiane; Bohrer, Denise; Jost, Cristiane Luisa

doi:10.1002/elan.200703922

Cited by 59 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Subsequently, the stock supporting electrolyte solution (1.0 mL) was mixed with the sample. The initial pH value (6.2) was adjusted with a few drops of 25% (m/v) NH 4 OH solution. Deaeration interval of 300 s was used as prior starting the sequential method.…”

Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In counterpart, the contamination source of thallium in DCs is potassium chloride (used in low concentrations) because thallium is a natural contaminant of potassium. 2,4 In fact, there are few available data about contaminants measured directly in formulations of DCs. However, in all cases (including the present paper) lead was found always in much higher concentrations than thallium.…”

Section: Thallium Cadmium Lead and Coppermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in all cases (including the present paper) lead was found always in much higher concentrations than thallium. 4 This information was used here for the calibrations. Indeed, considering that reliable values for concentration ratios between lead and thallium in DCs range from ca.…”

Section: Thallium Cadmium Lead and Coppermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous studies of the salts used to make up DCs, we found the presence of natural contamination from heavy metals 2 as well as the contamination of some commercial DCs by cadmium, thallium, lead 3 and copper. 4 This should be not surprising when one takes into account that salts, such as KCl and NaCl, which are labeled by Merck as "Suprapur grade", should contain no more than 0.1 mg L -1 of cadmium, lead and thallium. For Merck's AR grade, the tolerable limit is even higher (ca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sequential voltammetric determination of chromium, thallium, cadmium, lead, copper and antimony in saline hemodialysis concentrates using electrolyte pH gradient

Nascimento

Schneider

Bohrer

et al. 2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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A determinação sequencial de cromo, tálio, cádmio, chumbo, cobre e antimônio em concentrados polieletrolíticos para hemodiálise (DCs) é apresentada. Cromo foi determinado usando voltametria adsortiva de redissolução catódica e tálio, cádmio, chumbo, cobre e antimônio por meio de voltametria de redissolução anódica. O novo método desenvolvido para testar estas amostras se baseia no efeito do gradiente de pH do eletrólito na resposta voltamétrica. Os limites de detecção variaram de 0,03 mg L -1 para cádmio a 0,27 mg L -1 para cobre. Recuperações das amostras variaram de 92,0 a 117,5%. Este método foi aplicado para a análise de DCs comerciais, nos quais as concentrações encontradas dos analitos variaram de 0,16 mg L -1 para antimônio até 140,00 mg L -1 para cobre. Interferências e método de referência são discutidos.The sequential voltammetric determination of chromium, thallium, cadmium, lead, copper and antimony in dialysate concentrates (DCs), is presented herein. Chromium was quantified by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry and thallium, cadmium, lead, copper and antimony were assayed by anodic stripping voltammetry. The novel method developed to test these samples exploits the effect of electrolyte pH gradient on voltammetric response. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.03 mg L -1 for cadmium to 0.27 mg L -1 for copper. Recoveries from spiked samples were 92.0-117.5%. This method was applied to the analysis of commercial DCs, where the investigated metals were found in some samples at concentrations between 0.16 mg L -1 for antimony and 140.00 mg L -1 for copper. Interferences and the reference method are discussed.

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Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thallium Cadmium Lead and Coppermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thallium Cadmium Lead and Coppermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sequential voltammetric determination of chromium, thallium, cadmium, lead, copper and antimony in saline hemodialysis concentrates using electrolyte pH gradient

Nascimento

Schneider

Bohrer

et al. 2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…In previous works, we showed that the contamination of hemodialysis patients by toxic metals such as Al, As, Zn, Pb, Cd and Tl can be related to their presence in dialysis concentrates or water used for the preparation of dialysis fluids. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Besides, Lee and co-workers 1 reported that the contamination of hemodialysis patients could be also related to the medication used in the treatment of anemia, such as the renal antianemic human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of metallic contaminants in human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) formulations by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry and UV photo-decomposition of samples

Carvalho¹,

Garmatz²,

Spengler³

et al. 2010

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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A contaminação de pacientes com insuficiência renal por espécies metálicas pode estar associada a presença destes na medicação empregada durante o tratamento. Dentre os possíveis contaminantes estão metais nefrotóxicos tais como alumínio, cromo e níquel. No presente trabalho, a presença de Al, Cr e Ni como contaminantes em formulações de eritropoetina (EPO) foi investigada através da otimização de métodos analíticos empregando a voltamétria adsortiva de redissolucao catódica (AdCSV) associada a foto-decomposição de amostras com radiação UV. A irradiação UV de amostras acidificadas de EPO pelo período de 2 a 3 horas na presença de H 2 O 2 possibilitou a decomposição eficiente da amostra e a determinação dos contaminantes por AdCSV sem a interferência da matriz. O método otimizado foi aplicado na determinação dos metais em formulações comerciais de EPO utilizadas rotineiramente no tratamento da anemia em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica. Os níveis de contaminação encontrados nas amostras estudadas variaram de 420,2 a 840,5 ng mL -1 (RSD 2-5%) para o Al, de 12,0 a 40,0 ng mL -1 (RSD 2-6%) para o Cr e de 4,1 a 8,2 ng mL -1 (RSD 3-8%) para o Ni. Os resultados obtidos por AdCSV foram comparáveis aos obtidos por espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização em forno de grafite (GFAAS). A contaminação de formulações EPO com Al, Cr e Ni mostrou ser uma fonte de contaminação importante para pacientes anêmicos com insuficiencia renal crônica.The contamination of renal failure patients by metals can be associated to the presence of toxic metals in the medication, since they can be absorbed by the organism. Among the possible contaminants, there are nephrotoxic metals such as aluminum, chromium and nickel. In the present work, the presence of Al, Cr and Ni as contaminants in erythropoietin formulations (EPO) was investigated by optimizing the adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric (AdCSV) method and the photo-decomposition of samples by UV irradiation. The UV irradiation of acidified EPO samples from 2 to 3 h in the presence of H 2 O 2 allowed the efficient sample decomposition and the determination of the contaminants by AdCSV without matrix interferences. The method was applied for the determination of the metals in commercial EPO formulations used routinely in the treatment of anemia in patients undergoing chronic renal failure. The contamination levels determined in the samples ranged from 420.2 to 840.5 ng mL -1 (RSD 2-5%) for Al, 12.0 to 40.0 ng mL -1 (RSD 2-6%) for Cr and 4.1 to 8.2 ng mL -1 (RSD 3-8%). The results obtained by AdCSV were in good agreement with those obtained by the comparative GFAAS measurements. The contamination of EPO formulations with Al, Cr and Ni was shown to be a serious contamination source for anemic patients undergoing chronic renal failure.Keywords: adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry, UV irradiation, photo-decomposition, erythropoietin IntroductionChronical renal failure causes a wide variety of metabolic disturbances which affect almost every organ in the body syst...

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Thallium Determination at the Single Picomole per Liter Level by Flow‐Injection Differential‐Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

2008

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The flow-injection differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetric (FI-DP-ASV) procedure has been developed for the determination of thallium concentration of the order of the single pM. Due to the analyte preconcentration at the electrode, DPASV is among the leaders in competition for achieving a detection limit as low as possible. The enrichment factor can be easily regulated by the duration of the preconcentration time. A DPASV measurement in a flow-injection system enables the circulation of an analyzed sample and a medium exchange when preconcentration is completed. This approach ensures significant improvement of a background current. The measurements were performed in a cell of the wall-jet type containing the mercury film electrode. One hour preconcentration was used for the determination of the lowest thallium concentrations. The developed method provides the opportunity to determine thallium in real environmental samples at the single pM level with the detection limit equal to 0.25 pM and RSD equal to 8.2%. This is by more than one order of magnitude better than the lowest detection limit reported in the literature (5 pM). Additionally, the medium exchange resulted in the improvement of the measuring accuracy, which was evidenced by the application of a certified reference material.

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Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Thallium in Highly Saline Samples by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) Using Mercury‐Film and Bismuth‐Film Electrodes

Cited by 59 publications

References 33 publications

Sequential voltammetric determination of chromium, thallium, cadmium, lead, copper and antimony in saline hemodialysis concentrates using electrolyte pH gradient

Sequential voltammetric determination of chromium, thallium, cadmium, lead, copper and antimony in saline hemodialysis concentrates using electrolyte pH gradient

Determination of metallic contaminants in human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) formulations by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry and UV photo-decomposition of samples

Thallium Determination at the Single Picomole per Liter Level by Flow‐Injection Differential‐Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

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