Skin tolerant inactivation of multiresistant pathogens using far-UVC LEDs

Glaab, Johannes; Ploch, Neysha Lobo; Cho, Hyun Kyong; Filler, Thomas; Gundlach, Heiko; Guttmann, Martin; Hagedorn, Sylvia; Lohan, Silke B.; Mehnke, Frank; Schleusener, Johannes; Sicher, Claudia; Sulmoni, Luca; Wernicke, Tim; Wittenbecher, Lucas; Woggon, U.; Zwicker, Paula; Krämer, Axel; Meinke, Martina C.; Kneissl, Michael; Weyers, M.; Winterwerber, Ulrike; Einfeldt, S.

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94070-2

Cited by 58 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The SLR's results demonstrate a concentration of studies [3,8,17,[21][22][23][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] in this scientific field. Of these studies, all found some level of decontamination effectiveness.…”

Section: Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Of these studies, all found some level of decontamination effectiveness. In terms of disinfection (at least three log-reduction), we have seven studies [3,24,[33][34][35][36][37][38] indicating it. Meanwhile, ten studies [8,17,21,23,[28][29][30][31][32]39] indicate elimination of biological indicators (sterilization) or growth inhibition.…”

Section: Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first issue relates to the damage UVC may cause to DNA and its possible toxicity. Although this is a crucial concern, some studies [17,36,37] found no significant results related to neither DNA damage nor cell toxicity. Conversely, these results are dose-dependent when dealing with blood elements [21].…”

Section: Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Analysis of the UVC LEDs’ Applications and Decontamination Capability

et al. 2022

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The application of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been gaining popularity over the last decades. LEDs have advantages compared to traditional light sources in terms of lifecycle, robustness, compactness, flexibility, and the absence of non-hazardous material. Combining these advantages with the possibility of emitting Ultraviolet C (UVC) makes LEDs serious candidates for light sources in decontamination systems. Nevertheless, it is unclear if they present better decontamination effectiveness than traditional mercury vapor lamps. Hence, this research uses a systematic literature review (SLR) to enlighten three aspects: (1) UVC LEDs’ application according to the field, (2) UVC LEDs’ application in terms of different biological indicators, and (3) the decontamination effectiveness of UVC LEDs in comparison to conventional lamps. UVC LEDs have spread across multiple areas, ranging from health applications to wastewater or food decontamination. The UVC LEDs’ decontamination effectiveness is as good as mercury vapor lamps. In some cases, LEDs even provide better results than conventional mercury vapor lamps. However, the increase in the targets’ complexity (e.g., multilayers or thicker individual layers) may reduce the UVC decontamination efficacy. Therefore, UVC LEDs still require considerable optimization. These findings are stimulating for developing industrial or final users’ applications.

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Section: Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Analysis of the UVC LEDs’ Applications and Decontamination Capability

et al. 2022

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“…However its potential for inducing DNA damage in the skin and eye (2,3) has limited its direct use in occupied indoor spaces. By contrast, there is now compelling evidence that far-UVC radiation, commonly defined as wavelengths between 200 nm and 235 nm, is likely to be safer for direct human exposure (4)(5)(6)(7)(8), and also exhibits similarly or greater antimicrobial activity against both surface and airborne microbes (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). The combination of efficacy and safety suggests far-UVC may have broad applicability to provide continuous air disinfection even while humans are present (11,18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No evidence of induced skin cancer or other skin abnormalities after long term (66 week) chronic exposure to 222-nm far-UVC radiation

Welch

Kleiman

Arden

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Far-UVC radiation, typically defined as 200-235 nm, has similar or greater anti-microbial efficacy compared to conventional 254-nm germicidal radiation. In addition, biophysical considerations of the interaction of far-UVC with tissue, as well as multiple short-term safety studies in animal models and humans, suggest that far-UVC exposure may be safe for skin and eye tissue. Nevertheless, the potential for skin cancer after chronic long-term exposure to far-UVC has not been studied. Here, we assessed far-UVC induced carcinogenic skin changes and other pathological dermal abnormalities in 96 SKH-1 hairless mice of both sexes that were exposed to average daily dorsal skin doses of 396 mJ/cm2, 126 mJ/cm2 or 56 mJ/cm2 of 222 nm far-UVC radiation for 66 weeks, 5 days per week, 8 hours per day, as well as similarly-treated unexposed controls. No evidence for increased skin cancer, abnormal skin growths, or incidental skin pathology findings was observed in the far-UVC exposed mice. In addition, there were no significant changes in morbidity or mortality. The findings from this study support the long-term safety of long-term chronic exposure to far-UVC radiation, and therefore its potential suitability as a practical anti-microbial approach to reduce airborne viral and bacterial loads in occupied indoor settings.

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“…Germ reduction as well as skin tolerance of the two wavelengths 222 nm and 233 nm were tested on germ carrier plates and skin models ex vivo/in vitro at different doses. Complete germ reduction takes place from 40 mJ/cm 2 (Glaab et al 2021 ). Based on these doses, irradiation studies were performed on intact excised human skin and reconstructed human skin (RHS) models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wavelength, dose, skin type and skin model related radical formation in skin

2021

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The exposure to sun radiation is indispensable to our health; however, a long-term and high exposure could lead to cell damage, erythema, premature skin aging, and promotion of skin tumors. An underlying pathomechanism is the formation of free radicals which may induce oxidative stress at elevated concentrations. Different skin models, such as porcine-, murine-, human- ex vivo skin, reconstructed human skin (RHS) and human skin in vivo, were investigated during and after irradiation using X- and L-band EPR spectroscopy within different spectral regions (UVC to NIR). The amount of radical formation was quantified with the spin probe PCA and the radical types were measured ex vivo with the spin trap DMPO. The radiation dose influences the types of radicals formed in the skin. While reactive oxygen species (ROS) are always pronounced at low doses, there is an increase in lipid oxygen species (LOS) at high doses. Furthermore, the radical types arise independent from the irradiation wavelength, whereas the general amount of radical formation differs with the irradiation wavelength. Heat pre-stressed porcine skin already starts with higher LOS values. Thus, the radical type ratio might be an indicator of stress and the reversal of ROS/LOS constitutes the point where positive stress turns into negative stress.Compared to light skin types, darker types produce less radicals in the ultraviolet, similar amounts in the visible and higher ones in the infrared spectral region, rendering skin type-specific sun protection a necessity.

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Skin tolerant inactivation of multiresistant pathogens using far-UVC LEDs

Cited by 58 publications

References 53 publications

A Comprehensive Analysis of the UVC LEDs’ Applications and Decontamination Capability

A Comprehensive Analysis of the UVC LEDs’ Applications and Decontamination Capability

No evidence of induced skin cancer or other skin abnormalities after long term (66 week) chronic exposure to 222-nm far-UVC radiation

Wavelength, dose, skin type and skin model related radical formation in skin

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