“…The incorporation of appropriate impurity ions into host lattices has been exploited as a promising method to stabilize the crystallographic phases while modulating the optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of diverse semiconductors [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Regarding the halide perovskites, the partial substitution of Pb 2+ by divalent metal ions, such as Cu 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Mn 2+ at the B sites of the perovskite lattice have been demonstrated [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Klug et al revealed that the perovskite films retain an excellent photovoltaic performance if less than 3% Pb 2+ ions are substituted by homovalent metal species due to the high tolerance of the perovskite lattices [ 31 ].…”