Socio–Economic Factors Determining Conservation and Cultivation of Garcinia kola Heckel—A Medicinal Plant Extinct in the Wild in Benin

Dadjo, Colombe; Nyende, Aggrey Bernard; Salako, Kolawolé Valère; Hounkpèvi, Achille; Assogbadjo, Achille Ephrem

doi:10.1007/s12231-020-09495-z

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This finding aligned with that of Fandohan et al [ 6 ] who did not detect any differences in the number of S. dulcificum trees possessed by men and women in Benin, but is contrary to observation in other perennial species [e.g. bitter kola ( Garcinia kola Heckel)] [ 52 ] where men owned more trees than women. This implies that if given the opportunity, women can contribute equally as men to conserve and manage S. dulcificum , as their management intensity index is also statistically comparable to that of men in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In this study, although seeds and seedlings were co-used by respondents, most of them established their trees/plantations using seedlings. This preference for seedlings transplanting was also reported in B. sapida [23] and G. kola [52] two other minor orphan tree crops, and partly appeared in the case of S. dulcificum as a strategy to skirt the difficulty to germinate its recalcitrant seeds [4]. According to farmers, using the seed compels one to quickly sow it, which is not the case with seedlings that have been harvested beneath S. dulcificum plants or orchards of which planting can be postponed and carried out later.…”

Section: Synsepalum Dulcificum Management Practicessupporting

confidence: 76%

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Comparative analysis of management practices and end-users’ desired breeding traits in the miracle plant [Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach & Thonn.) Daniell] across ecological zones and sociolinguistic groups in West Africa

Tchokponhoué

Achigan‐Dako

N’Danikou

et al. 2021

J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine

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Background Understanding end-users’ preferred breeding traits and plant management practices is fundamental in defining sound breeding objectives and implementing a successful plant improvement programme. Since such knowledge is lacking for Synsepalum dulcificum, a worldwide promising orphan fruit tree species, we assessed the interrelationships among socio-demography, ecology, management practices, diversity and ranking of desired breeding traits by end-users of the species (farmers, final consumers and processing companies) in West Africa. Methods Semi-structured interviews, field-visits and focus groups were combined to interview a total of 300 farmers and final consumers belonging to six sociolinguistic groups sampled from three ecological zones of Benin and Ghana. One processing company in Ghana was also involved. Data collected included socio-demographic characteristics; crop management systems and practices; and preferences of farmers, final consumers and processing companies and ranking of breeding traits. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, independence, and non-parametric tests, generalized linear models, multi-group similarity index and Kendall’s concordance coefficient. Results Men (86.33% of respondents) were the main holders of S. dulcificum in the study area. The three most frequent management practices observed in the species included weeding, fertilization and pruning, which were applied by 75.66%, 27.33% and 16.66% of respondents, respectively. The management intensity index varied significantly across ecological zones, sociolinguistic groups, and instruction level (p < 0.001) but was not affected by gender (p > 0.05). General multigroup similarity indices ($$ {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{T}} $$ C S T ) for farmer-desired traits, on one hand, and final consumer-desired traits, on the other hand, were high across ecological zones ($$ {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{T}} $$ C S T ≥ 0.84) and sociolinguistic groups ($$ {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{T}} $$ C S T > 0.83). Nevertheless, respondents from the Guineo-Congolian (Benin) and the Deciduous forest (Ghana) zones expressed higher agreement in the ranking of desired breeding traits. Preference for breeding traits was 60% similar among farmers, final consumers, and processors. The key breeding traits desired by these end-users included in descending order of importance big fruit size, early fruiting, high fruit yielding (for farmers); big fruit size, high fruit miraculin content, fruit freshness (for final consumers); and high fruit miraculin content, big fruit size, high fruit edible ratio (for processing companies). Conclusion This study revealed stronger variations in current management practices across ecological zones than across sociolinguistic groups. A high similarity was shown in end-users’ preferences for breeding traits across the study area. Top key traits to consider in breeding varieties of S. dulcificum to meet various end-users’ expectations in West Africa include fruit size and fruit miraculin content. These results constitute a strong signal for a region-wide promotion of the resource.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Synsepalum Dulcificum Management Practicessupporting

confidence: 76%

Comparative analysis of management practices and end-users’ desired breeding traits in the miracle plant [Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach & Thonn.) Daniell] across ecological zones and sociolinguistic groups in West Africa

Tchokponhoué

Achigan‐Dako

N’Danikou

et al. 2021

J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine

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“…Most of the miracle plant trees owned by the respondents were inherited. This strengthened observations by Fandohan et al [22] in Benin on the species, and confirmed the legacy as an important ownership mode in semi-domesticated plant species [31]. Nevertheless, we observed in this study an influence of the respondents' age on the predominant ownership mode whereby young and adults representing 63% of respondents (Table 1) inherited more of the species, while the elderly respondents (37% of respondents, Table 1) mainly planted the tree themselves.…”

Section: Synsepalum Dulcificum Nomenclature Ownership Pattern and Bioecologysupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Our results also suggested that providing such a group of respondents with for instance fast-growing miracle plant genotypes would induce more than 100% increase in the acreage they will be willing to allocate for the cultivation of the species (See Figure 10). Activity category previously indicated as a factor affecting willingness to cultivate kola and Moringa in Benin [31,32] was also a key determinant of cultivation effort in the miracle plant, with handcraft makers proposing the highest purchase price (USD 1.4) for one seedling. In addition to owning more trees compared with other socio-professional groups, handcraft makers were also the second socio-professional group to use the species most and seek to sustain and expand their current benefits from the species.…”

Section: Determinants Of Willingness and Readiness To Cultivate Synsepalum Dulcificummentioning

confidence: 94%

“…For this to be effective, a clear understanding of the factors shaping farmers' decision making to invest in the cultivation of the species is required. Lessons learnt from previous studies investigating determinants for the cultivation of perennial plants by local populations in West Africa concluded on the prominence of ethnicity, gender, age, instruction level and knowledge of tree biology, as key drivers [30][31][32]. Synsepalum dulcificum being of the same nature, these factors are expected to play an important role in farmers' decision making to cultivate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use Patterns, Knowledge Diversity and Drivers for the Cultivation of the Miracle Plant [Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach & Thonn.) Daniell] in Benin and Ghana

Tchokponhoué

N’Danikou

Hotegni

et al. 2021

Plants

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Despite the growing interest in the miracle plant worldwide due to its numerous applications, the threats and the wild harvest of the species hamper its sustainable utilisation. Moreover, traditional knowledge so far documented on the species is limited to a narrow geographical coverage of its natural distribution range, which is West and Central Africa. This study analysed the use variation and knowledge acquisition pattern of the miracle plant among West African sociolinguistic groups and deciphered the drivers of populations’ willingness and readiness to engage in cultivating the species. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 510 respondents purposively selected from nine sociolinguistic groups in Benin and Ghana using the snowball sampling approach. Information was collected on respondents’ socio-demographic profile, miracle plant ownership, plant parts used and preparation methods, knowledge of the species bioecology, perceived threats on the species, willingness to cultivate, maximum acreage to allocate to the species and maximum price to pay for a seedling. Descriptive statistics, generalized linear models, classification and regression tree models were used for data analysis. The miracle plant ownership mode depended on the age category. Sociolinguistic affiliation, level of schooling, migratory status and religion significantly affected the number of trees owned. We recorded 76 uses belonging to six use categories. The overall use-value of the miracle plant significantly varied according to the respondent sociolinguistic affiliation, main activity and religion. Men were the main source of knowledge and knowledge is mainly acquired along the family line. Knowledge related to food and social uses was mostly acquired from parents and people of the same generation, while magico-therapeutic and medicinal use-related knowledge were inherited from parents and grandparents. Sociolinguistic affiliation, awareness of taboos and market availability were the most important drivers of respondent willingness to cultivate the miracle plant. While the respondent’s level of schooling and perception of plant growth rate determined the maximum acreage they were willing to allocate to the species in cultivation schemes, their main activity, sociolinguistic affiliation and knowledge of the species time to fruiting drove the maximum purchase price they were willing to offer for a seedling of the species. Our findings provide key information for the promotion of miracle plant cultivation in the study area.

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Ethnicity Differences in Uses and Management Practices of Bitter Kola Trees (Garcinia kola) in Cameroon

et al. 2020

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Socio–Economic Factors Determining Conservation and Cultivation of Garcinia kola Heckel—A Medicinal Plant Extinct in the Wild in Benin

Cited by 10 publications

References 17 publications

Comparative analysis of management practices and end-users’ desired breeding traits in the miracle plant [Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach & Thonn.) Daniell] across ecological zones and sociolinguistic groups in West Africa

Comparative analysis of management practices and end-users’ desired breeding traits in the miracle plant [Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach & Thonn.) Daniell] across ecological zones and sociolinguistic groups in West Africa

Use Patterns, Knowledge Diversity and Drivers for the Cultivation of the Miracle Plant [Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach & Thonn.) Daniell] in Benin and Ghana

Ethnicity Differences in Uses and Management Practices of Bitter Kola Trees (Garcinia kola) in Cameroon

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