Sport-related hyperhomocysteinaemia: a putative marker of muscular demand to be noted for cardiovascular risk

Borrione, Paolo; Rizzo, Marco; Spaccamiglio, Angela; Salvo, Raffaella A.; Dovio, Andrea; Termine, A; Parisi, Attilio; Fagnani, F; Angeli, Alberto; Pigozzi, Fabio

doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.045021

Cited by 29 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The rate of hyperhomocysteinemia ¸15.0 mol l ¡1 in female elite winter athletes was almost twice that we observed in recreational female athletes comprising mostly volleyball athletes. Another study by Borrione et al (2008) comparing 23 female athletes (practising basketball, swimming and soccer) with 30 female blood donors found no diVerence in HCY concentrations, but a higher frequency of hyperhomocysteinemia ¸15.0 mol l ¡1 in athletes than in controls by unadjusted analysis. Unfortunately, this study did not perform multivariate adjusted analyses for variables known to inXuence HCY such as age, creatinine and folate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Some researches highlighted an exercise-induced fall in HCY concentrations (Randeva et al 2002;Zinellu et al 2007), but many reports provided evidence that physical exercise does not contribute to reduce HCY and/or that in some instances it would even produce a HCY increase (Borrione et al 2008;De Cree et al 1999;Herrmann et al 2003;Konig et al 2003;Okura et al 2006). Intense endurance physical activity has the potential to worsen the HCY proWle, likely as a consequence of folate consumption following exercise-induced metabolic demand (De Cree et al 1999;Herrmann et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Research examining the impact of physical activity on blood homocysteine levels is equivocal, this could be partially due to a lack of control for confounding variables that aVect homocysteine (Borrione et al 2008;Herrmann et al 2003). Duration, intensity, and mode of exercise could impact blood homocysteine levels diVerently, and may be dependent on individual Wtness levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Association of recreational physical activity with homocysteine, folate and lipid markers in young women

et al. 2008

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We assessed the influence of recreational physical activity in young healthy women on homocysteine, a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Participants were 124 23-year-old normal-weight Italian recreational athletes (performing 8.7 +/- 2.46 h week(-1) exercise) and 116 controls. Median blood homocysteine, folate and lipid markers did not differ between athletes and controls. Elevated homocysteine levels at CVD risk > or =12.0 and > or =15.0 micromol l(-1) were not different between groups. Continuous homocysteine was inversely related to folate (P < 0.001), positively associated with age (P = 0.009) and creatinine (P = 0.033), but not associated with hours of exercise, body mass index, and lipid markers. Women with folate depletion (<3.0 microg l(-1)) were 4.5-fold more likely to have homocysteine > or =15.0 micromol l(-1). Recreational physical exercise does not adversely impact homocysteine levels among young women. Only low folate significantly increases the risk for hyperhomocysteinemia in young women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Association of recreational physical activity with homocysteine, folate and lipid markers in young women

et al. 2008

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“…Hence, our results indicate that MTHFR polymorphisms should be better investigated in the context of performance and future CVD risk in athletes, particularly middle-aged athletes who exercise extensively, because besides the facts discussed above, CRP is present in atherosclerotic plaques, where it might exert several potential proinflammatory and atherogenic actions that include the binding of oxidized LDL cholesterol, induction of adhesion molecule expression, activation of complement, and stimulation of tissue factor production by monocytes (Brull et al 2003). Furthermore, the existence of a sport-related hyperhomocysteinaemia has been reported, independent of the variables found in the general population, such as decreased folate or vitamin B 12 (Borrione et al 2008), particularly if a race took place close to the anaerobic threshold speed (Benedini et al 2010), suggesting that it would represent an adaptation to training, but the possibility of secondary vascular damage cannot be excluded (Borrione et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Creatine kinase MM TaqI and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C gene polymorphisms influence exercise-induced C-reactive protein levels

et al. 2011

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Physical training induces beneficial adaptations, but exhausting exercise increases reactive oxygen species, which can cause muscular injuries with consequent inflammatory processes, implying jeopardized performance and possibly overtraining. Acute strenuous exercise almost certainly exceeds the benefits of physical activity; it can compromise performance and may contribute to increased future risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in athletes. Polymorphisms in the muscle-type creatine kinase (CK-MM) gene may influence performance and adaptation to training, while many potentially significant genetic variants are reported as risk factors for CVD. Therefore, we investigated the influence of polymorphisms in CK-MM TaqI and NcoI, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C) and C-reactive protein (CRP G1059C) genes on exercise-induced damage and inflammation markers. Blood samples were taken immediately after a race (of at least 4 km) that took place outdoors on flat tracks, and were submitted to genotyping and biochemical evaluation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), CK, CRP and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP). CK-MM TaqI polymorphism significantly influenced results of AST, CK and hs-CRP, and an association between MTHFR C677T and A1298C with CRP level was found, although these levels did not exceed reference values. The results indicate that these polymorphisms can indirectly influence performance, contribute to higher susceptibility to exercise-induced inflammation or protection against it, and perhaps affect future risks of CVD in athletes.

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“…Hence, our results indicate that MTHFR polymorphisms should be better investigated in the context of performance and future CVD risk in athletes, particularly middle-aged athletes who exercise extensively, because besides the facts discussed above, CRP is present in atherosclerotic plaques, where it might exert several potential proinXammatory and atherogenic actions that include the binding of oxidized LDL cholesterol, induction of adhesion molecule expression, activation of complement, and stimulation of tissue factor production by monocytes (Libby et al 2002;Brull et al 2003). Furthermore, the existence of a sportrelated hyperhomocysteinaemia has been reported, independent of the variables found in the general population such as decreased folate or vitamin B12 (Borrione et al 2008), particularly if a race took place close to the anaerobic threshold speed (Benedini et al 2010), suggesting that it would represent an adaptation to training but the possibility of secondary vascular damage cannot be excluded (Borrione et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Creatine kinase MM TaqI and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C gene polymorphisms influence exercise-induced C-reactive protein levels

Miranda-Vilela¹,

Akimoto²,

Lordelo³

et al. 2011

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Physical training induces beneficial adaptations, but exhausting exercise increases reactive oxygen species, which can cause muscular injuries with consequent inflammatory processes, implying jeopardized performance and possibly overtraining. Acute strenuous exercise almost certainly exceeds the benefits of physical activity; it can compromise performance and may contribute to increased future risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in athletes. Polymorphisms in the muscle-type creatine kinase (CK-MM) gene may influence performance and adaptation to training, while many potentially significant genetic variants are reported as risk factors for CVD. Therefore, we investigated the influence of polymorphisms in CK-MM TaqI and NcoI, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C) and C-reactive protein (CRP G1059C) genes on exercise-induced damage and inflammation markers. Blood samples were taken immediately after a race (of at least 4 km) that took place outdoors on flat tracks, and were submitted to genotyping and biochemical evaluation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), CK, CRP and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP). CK-MM TaqI polymorphism significantly influenced results of AST, CK and hs-CRP, and an association between MTHFR C677T and A1298C with CRP level was found, although these levels did not exceed reference values. Results indicate that these polymorphisms can indirectly influence performance, contribute to higher susceptibility to exercise-induced inflammation or protection against it, and perhaps affect future risks of CVD in athletes.

show abstract

Sport-related hyperhomocysteinaemia: a putative marker of muscular demand to be noted for cardiovascular risk

Cited by 29 publications

References 67 publications

Association of recreational physical activity with homocysteine, folate and lipid markers in young women

Association of recreational physical activity with homocysteine, folate and lipid markers in young women

Creatine kinase MM TaqI and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C gene polymorphisms influence exercise-induced C-reactive protein levels

Creatine kinase MM TaqI and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C gene polymorphisms influence exercise-induced C-reactive protein levels

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