Stability Studies of Clonazepam, Diazepam, Haloperidol, and Doxepin with Diverse Polarities in an Acidic Environment

Maślanka, Anna; Krzek, Jan; Stolarczyk, Mariusz; Walczak, Maria; Głogowska, Agata

doi:10.5740/jaoacint.10-083

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Because no diazepam was detected in any of the 2-Methylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone has been identified as a final degradation product, formed via a number of proposed intermediates. [17][18][19][20][21] Therefore, one might consider that 2-methylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone found in the tablets could be present due to the degradation of diazepam, if present in the original tablet powder mixture and if stored under adverse conditions. However, no trace of diazepam or any other breakdown product of diazepam could be identified in the 141 tablets analyzed, which suggests that this possibility was unlikely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under acidic and basic conditions, diazepam can undergo hydrolytic ring cleavage. 2‐Methylamino‐5‐chlorobenzophenone has been identified as a final degradation product, formed via a number of proposed intermediates 17–21 . Therefore, one might consider that 2‐methylamino‐5‐chlorobenzophenone found in the tablets could be present due to the degradation of diazepam, if present in the original tablet powder mixture and if stored under adverse conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An unusual detection of 2‐amino‐3‐(2‐chlorobenzoyl)‐5‐ethylthiophene and 2‐methylamino‐5‐chlorobenzophenone in illicit yellow etizolam tablets marked “5617” seized in the Republic of Ireland

Downey¹,

O’Donnell²,

McLaughlin³

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Benzodiazepines are a class of compounds used clinically to treat a variety of conditions including anxiety and insomnia. Their potential for abuse has led to a surge in their availability on the illegal drugs market. End users often rely on markings on illicit tablets to identify their contents. However, falsified tablets mimicking genuine pharmaceutical preparations often contain ingredients that differ from what people believe they are taking. The absence of any quality control of the content, purity, or strength of fake tablets can result in adverse effects or even fatal outcomes. In recent years, drug seizures involving illicit round yellow tablets marked “5” on one side and “5617” below a scoreline on the reverse have been submitted to Forensic Science Ireland (FSI) by An Garda Síochána (Irish Police) from throughout the Republic of Ireland. These findings relate to 26 different seizures; the cumulative tablet total seized was in excess of 20,000, and the total number of tablets of this description analyzed at FSI was 141. Irish users assume that the active ingredient present was diazepam. The qualitative analytical results for these tablets are reported. All tablets were found to contain 2‐methylamino‐5‐chlorobenzophenone. In addition, the tablets contained either 2‐amino‐3‐(2‐chlorobenzoyl)‐5‐ethylthiophene or etizolam or both. The constituents were present in varying relative amounts in visually similar tablets. Neither 2‐amino‐5‐chlorobenzophenone nor 2‐amino‐3‐(2‐chlorobenzoyl)‐5‐ethylthiophene had previously been found in tablets analyzed at FSI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An unusual detection of 2‐amino‐3‐(2‐chlorobenzoyl)‐5‐ethylthiophene and 2‐methylamino‐5‐chlorobenzophenone in illicit yellow etizolam tablets marked “5617” seized in the Republic of Ireland

Downey¹,

O’Donnell²,

McLaughlin³

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…Antipsychotics Olanzapine, clozapine [195] Antidepressants Amitriptyline, nortriptyline, doxepin [196][197][198] Benzodiazepines Diazepam, midazolam [199] Sedatives Zolpidem, zopiclone [200,201] Antiepileptics Phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, gabapentin, pregabalin [202,203] Antiarrhythmic drugs Amiodarone [204] Beta-blocking agents Propranolol, metoprolol [205] Statins Simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, and atorvastatin [206] Antimalarian drugs Chloroquine, mefloquine [207,208] Antifungal drugs Ketoconazole, itraconazole [209,210] Immunosuppressants Tacrolimus [211] Antivirals Ritonavir, saquinavir [212,213] Opioids Methadone [214] Antihistamines Cetirizine, loratadine [215,216] Antiparasitic drugs Ivermectin [217] Antituberculosis Rifampicin [218] Diuretics Spironolactone [219] 10.…”

Section: Chemical/pharmacological Class Compounds Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Influence on Drug Efficacy: A Comprehensive Review of Ketogenic Diet–Pharmacotherapy Interactions

Marinescu,

Apetroaei,

Nedea

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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It is widely acknowledged that the ketogenic diet (KD) has positive physiological effects as well as therapeutic benefits, particularly in the treatment of chronic diseases. Maintaining nutritional ketosis is of utmost importance in the KD, as it provides numerous health advantages such as an enhanced lipid profile, heightened insulin sensitivity, decreased blood glucose levels, and the modulation of diverse neurotransmitters. Nevertheless, the integration of the KD with pharmacotherapeutic regimens necessitates careful consideration. Due to changes in their absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination, the KD can impact the pharmacokinetics of various medications, including anti-diabetic, anti-epileptic, and cardiovascular drugs. Furthermore, the KD, which is characterised by the intake of meals rich in fats, has the potential to impact the pharmacokinetics of specific medications with high lipophilicity, hence enhancing their absorption and bioavailability. However, the pharmacodynamic aspects of the KD, in conjunction with various pharmaceutical interventions, can provide either advantageous or detrimental synergistic outcomes. Therefore, it is important to consider the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions that may arise between the KD and various drugs. This assessment is essential not only for ensuring patients’ compliance with treatment but also for optimising the overall therapeutic outcome, particularly by mitigating adverse reactions. This highlights the significance and necessity of tailoring pharmacological and dietetic therapies in order to enhance the effectiveness and safety of this comprehensive approach to managing chronic diseases.

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“…Most of them imply optical-based methods, namely spectrophotometric [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], fluorimetric [18][19][20][21][22], and turbidimetric [23] procedures that regard several chemical transformations of CPZ. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] electrophoresis [34] voltammetric [11,[35][36][37],coloumetric [38], polarographic [39] and spectroelectrochemical [12] procedures have been reported as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomimetic sensors of molecularly-imprinted polymers for chlorpromazine determination

Moreira¹,

Sales²

2011

Materials Science and Engineering: C

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A new man-tailored biomimetic sensor for Chlorpromazine host-guest interactions and potentiometric transduction is presented. The artificial host was imprinted within methacrylic acid, 2-vinyl pyridine and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid based polymers. Molecularly imprinted particles were dispersed in 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether and entrapped in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. Slopes and detection limits ranged 51-67 mV/decade and 0.46-3.9 μg/mL, respectively, in steady state conditions. Sensors were independent from the pH of test solutions within 2.0-5.5. Good selectivity was observed towards oxytetracycline, doxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, nalidixic acid, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, glycine, hydroxylamine, cysteine and creatinine. Analytical features in flowing media were evaluated on a double-channel manifold, with a carrier solution of 5.0 × 10 −2 mol/L phosphate buffer. Near-Nernstian response was observed over the concentration range 1.0 × 10 −4 to 1.0 × 10 −2 mol/L. Average slopes were about 48 mV/decade. The sensors were successfully applied to field monitoring of CPZ in fish samples, offering the advantages of simplicity, accuracy, automation feasibility and applicability to complex samples.

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Stability Studies of Clonazepam, Diazepam, Haloperidol, and Doxepin with Diverse Polarities in an Acidic Environment

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

An unusual detection of 2‐amino‐3‐(2‐chlorobenzoyl)‐5‐ethylthiophene and 2‐methylamino‐5‐chlorobenzophenone in illicit yellow etizolam tablets marked “5617” seized in the Republic of Ireland

An unusual detection of 2‐amino‐3‐(2‐chlorobenzoyl)‐5‐ethylthiophene and 2‐methylamino‐5‐chlorobenzophenone in illicit yellow etizolam tablets marked “5617” seized in the Republic of Ireland

Dietary Influence on Drug Efficacy: A Comprehensive Review of Ketogenic Diet–Pharmacotherapy Interactions

Biomimetic sensors of molecularly-imprinted polymers for chlorpromazine determination

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