Stimulated Raman Scattering and its Applications in Optical Communications and Optical Sensors

Baptista, J. M.; Costa, João; Barbero, Andrés Pablo López; Martinez, M. A. G.; Salgado, H. M.; Marques, M. B.; Giraldi, Maria Thereza Miranda Rocco; Correia, Clara R.; Frazão, Orlando

doi:10.2174/1874328500903010001

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…This approach is very difficult with time-domain FLIM because the high pulse energies within the inner core can cause fiber solarization damage [17][18][19] and the production of strong stimulated Raman bands. 20 Furthermore, FD-FLIM is typically less expensive to implement than the comparable time-domain systems we have built in the past, 21 because we can use relatively inexpensive diode lasers for excitation and avalanche photodiodes for fluorescence detection. 22 2 Materials and Methods…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-modality optical coherence tomography and frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope system for intravascular imaging

et al. 2020

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Significance: Detailed biochemical and morphological imaging of the plaque burdened coronary arteries holds the promise of improved understanding of atherosclerosis plaque development, ultimately leading to better diagnostics and therapies. Aim: Development of a dual-modality intravascular catheter supporting swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) and frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging (FD-FLIM) of endogenous fluorophores with UV excitation. Approach: We instituted a refined approach to endoscope development that combines simulation in a commercial ray tracing program, fabrication, and a measurement method for optimizing ball-lens performance. With this approach, we designed and developed a dual-modality catheter endoscope based on a double-clad fiber supporting OCT through the core and fluorescence collection through the first cladding. We varied the relative percent of UV excitation launched into the core and first cladding to explore the potential resolution improvement for FD-FLIM. The developed catheter endoscope was optically characterized, including measurement of spatial resolution and fluorescent lifetimes of standard fluorophores. Finally, the system was demonstrated on fresh ex vivo human coronary arteries. Results: The developed endoscope was shown to have optical performance similar to predictions derived from the simulation approach. The FLIM resolution can be improved by over a factor of 4 by primarily illuminating through the core rather than the first cladding. However, time-dependent solarization losses need to be considered when choosing the relative percentage. We ultimately chose to illuminate with 7% of the power transmitting through the core. The resulting catheter endoscope had 40-μm lateral resolution for OCT and <100 μm lateral resolution for FD-FLIM. Images of ex vivo coronary arteries are consistent with expectations based on histopathology. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that our approach for endoscope simulation produces reliable predictions of endoscope performance. Simulation results guided our development of a multimodal OCT/FD-FLIM catheter imaging system for investigating atherosclerosis in coronary arteries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-modality optical coherence tomography and frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope system for intravascular imaging

et al. 2020

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“…In addition, optical fiber is nonconductive in nature, thus the transmitted signal is not disrupted by electromagnetic interference (EMI) like radio frequency interference (RFI) [4]. On the other hand, the optical fiber can be engineered for laser applications by utilizing stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-wavelength random fiber laser incorporating micro-air cavity

Yusoff

Lau²,

Abidin

et al. 2020

J. Opt.

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Almost one decade ago, a newborn fiber laser with simplified version called random distributed feedback fiber laser (RDFB-FL) has been a spotlight among the photonic research community. Despite of the natural behavior of Rayleigh scattering as a fundamental loss for propagating light in optical fibers, it can be utilized as a distributed mirror in ultra-long fiber laser. In this case, the mechanism of feedback is termed as random which leads to the development of RDFB-FL. However, the absence of physical feedback devices require a very high power to overcome total cavity losses to be a laser. In this research work, a simple linear cavity half open ended of random fiber laser (HOCRFL) consists of 36 km TrueWave RS fiber (TW) incorporating micro-air cavity (MAC) is proposed. The MAC is constructed by adjusting the air-gap distance between two optical fibers that produce multiple fringes based on the Fabry-Pérot cavity. At the same time, this MAC enhances the reflectivity to improve the overall laser performance. For MAC characterizations, the transmission loss increases while reflectance, transmittance and channel spacing decrease with the increment of air-gap distances. The best MAC location in the fiber laser cavity is at the opposite end of the output port and the optimum pumping configuration of HOCRFL is the bidirectional scheme. From the optimization of MAC air-gap distance from 100 μm to 1000 μm, smaller air-gaps (100 μm to 400 μm) are preferable for high pump power operation near 2 W while larger air-gaps (500 μm up to 1000 μm) are suitable for low pump power operation below 1.5 W. Based on the findings, it is found that the 200 μm and 600 μm air-gap distance produce the best lasing performance for these two separate pump power regions. The former air-gap distance generates dual-wavelength laser at 1552.48 nm and 1557.04 nm with 18.79 dB and 18.73 dB optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), respectively. On the other hand, for the 600 μm air-gap distance, the dual-wavelength lasers occur at 1553.86 nm and 1555.75 nm with 14.69 dB and 13.73 dB OSNR. In comparison between these two air-gap distances, the 200 μm air-gap distance has better OSNR. However, its critical power (pump power that generate the best lasing performance) of 1987 mW is higher than 1240 mW obtained from 600 µm air-gap xTABLE OF CONTENTS

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“…For this reason, to calculate the exact values of the Raman gain coefficient and the effective area other techniques parallel to the Raman threshold technique have been developed. Some techniques for measuring the efficiency of the Raman gain use methods based on optical time domain reflectometry [5]- [8], and others, by analysis of Raman threshold [9]- [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Technique for Obtaining the Raman Gain Efficiency of Silica Fibers

et al. 2013

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We present a simple novel technique that determines with precision the Raman gain efficiency for telecom fibers. The method is supported by a mathematical relation, which is the solution for the coupled differential equations that govern the stimulated Raman scattering. This technique is valuable due to its simplicity and consists of measuring the residual pump and the Raman scattering signals at the stimulated Raman scattering threshold. Our technique was proven for different fibers; as a result, we found that the rate of pump power to stimulated Raman scattering at threshold is lower than $16, which is the historically used value.

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Stimulated Raman Scattering and its Applications in Optical Communications and Optical Sensors

Cited by 14 publications

References 104 publications

Dual-modality optical coherence tomography and frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope system for intravascular imaging

Dual-modality optical coherence tomography and frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope system for intravascular imaging

Dual-wavelength random fiber laser incorporating micro-air cavity

Novel Technique for Obtaining the Raman Gain Efficiency of Silica Fibers

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