Strategies for Biomolecular Analysis and Continuous Physiological Monitoring

Abstract

Portable devices capable of rapid disease detection and health monitoring are crucial to decentralizing diagnostics from clinical laboratories to the patient point-of-need. Although technologies have been developed targeting this challenge, many require the use of reporter molecules or reagents that complicate the automation and autonomy of sensors. New work in the field has targeted reagentless approaches to enable breakthroughs that will allow personalized monitoring of a wide range of biomarkers on demand. This Perspective focuses on the ability of reagentless platforms to revolutionize the field of sensing by allowing rapid and real-time analysis in resource-poor settings. First, we will highlight advantages of reagentless sensing techniques, specifically electrochemical detection strategies. Advances in this field, including the development of wearable and in situ sensors capable of realtime monitoring of biomarkers such as nucleic acids, proteins, viral particles, bacteria, therapeutic agents, and metabolites, will be discussed. Reagentless platforms which allow for wash-free, calibration free-detection with increased dynamic range are highlighted as a key technological advance for autonomous sensing applications. Furthermore, we will highlight remaining challenges which must be overcome to enable widespread use of reagentless devices. Finally, future prospects and potential breakthroughs in precision medicine that will arise as a result of further development of reagentless sensing approaches are discussed.

Electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors for <italic>in vivo</italic> analysis

“…其中, 微透析技术由于可 在不干扰体内正常生命过程的情况下进行实时、 在体 或在线取样, 特别适用于研究生命过程的动态变化. 与此同时， 高速发展的成像技术使得利用小分子荧光 探针或可编码的荧光蛋白实现实时监测生物分子事 件成为可能 [9][10][11][12] .与这些技术相比，电化学方法因具有 识别灵敏、响应速度快、样本量要求小、易于小型化、 与多重分析技术兼容等优点, 目前已成为活体分析 研究的重要手段之一 [13,14] .…”

“…尤其是 以 Tan 等首创的以活细胞为靶标的核酸适体筛选新方 法(Cell-SELEX), 极大丰富了可在复杂生理环境中应 用的识别元件种类 [38,34,39] . 近年来, 以核酸适体为识 别元件构筑的电化学生物传感器, 在体外和活体层次 实现了一系列生理活性分子的高选择性分析 [13,40] . 设 计原理是通过核酸适体与靶标分子之间的特异性识别 引起电极界面电化学信号(电流、阻抗、电位、电荷等) 的变化, 进而实现对分析物的定性、定量分析 [41,42] .…”

“…在复杂的生物体液(如血液、唾液、尿液等)或细 胞环境中, 多种物种与靶标物质共存, 尤其是蛋白质 等生物大分子在电极界面的非特异性吸附, 对核酸 [13,[76][77][78] . 例如, 全血中苯丙氨酸的浓度与帕金森症、 阿尔茨海默病等神经系统疾病有密切联系, 其选择 性分析对于了解大脑发育以及认知功能障碍的分子 机制具有重要意义 [79] .…”

Nano-engineered screen-printed electrodes: A dynamic tool for detection of viruses

“…Afterward, alternative analytical approaches such as colorimetric [ [8] , [9] , [10] ], chemiluminescent [ 11 ], fluorescence-based [ 12 , 13 ], electrochemical [ 14 , 15 ] have been utilized for viral quantification. Among these, the electrochemical ones are characterized by a unique advantage regarding real samples: electrochemical-based methods are not affected by the color/turbidity of biological matrices [ 16 , 17 ], i.e., blood, serum, saliva. Among the diverse technologies around the world of electrochemical methods, screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are without any doubt the platforms that highlight the portability and easiness of electroanalysis.…”

Highly sensitive electrochemical determination of the SARS-COV-2 antigen based on a gold/graphene imprinted poly-arginine sensor

“…Discovered on December 2019, a member of corona viruses that can induce serious human respiratory infections, SARS-CoV-2 has globally spread resulting in signicant mortality and morbidity. [1][2][3][4] In March 2020, COVID-19 induced by SARS-CoV-2 has been declared as a kind of pandemic disease by WHO. [5][6][7] Up to 13 August 2021, there have been more than 4 323 139 deaths and 204 644 849 cases of COVID-19 conrmed all over the world, while there are no specic medicines proven to cure COVID-19 until now.…”