Study on the osteogenesis of rat mesenchymal stem cells and the long‐term antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus epidermidis on the surface of silver‐rich TiN/Ag modified titanium alloy

Abstract

The main causes of failure of orthopedic implants are infection and poor bone ingrowth. Surface modification of the implants to allow for long‐term antibacterial and osteogenic functions is an effective solution to prevent failure of the implants. We developed silver‐rich TiN/Ag nano‐multilayers on the surface of titanium alloy with different doses of Ag+. The antibacterial stability and osteogenesis of the silver‐rich surface were determined by evaluating the adhesion and proliferation of Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, extracellular matrix mineralization, and the expression level of genes involved in osteogenic differentiation of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The results demonstrated that the antibacterial rates (Ra) of 5 × 1016‐Ag, 1 × 1017‐Ag, 5 × 1017‐Ag, and 1 × 1018‐Ag were respectively 46.21%, 85.66%, 94.99%, 98.48%, and 99.99%. After subcutaneous implantation in rats or immersion in phosphate buffered saline for up to 12 weeks, the silver‐rich surface of the titanium alloy showed long‐term stable inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the Ag‐implanted titanium did not show apparent cytotoxicity and that lower Ag+ implanted groups (5 × 1016‐Ag, 1 × 1017‐Ag) had better viability and biological safety when compared with higher Ag+ implanted groups. In addition, when compared with the Ti6Al4V‐group, all Ag‐implanted groups exhibited enhanced osteogenic indicators in rat BMSCs. Regarding osteogenic indicators, the surfaces of the 5 × 1017‐Ag group had better osteogenic effects than those of other groups. Therefore, the proper dose of Ag+ implanted TiN/Ag nano‐multilayers may be one of the options for the hard tissue replacement materials with antibacterial activity and osteogenic functions.

Direct-Deposited Graphene Oxide on Dental Implants for Antimicrobial Activities and Osteogenesis

“…36 Electrochemical surface treatment 37 or application of an antibacterial material coatings have been also employed to reduce bacterial adhesion. 8 Recently, several studies have exhibited an increased antibacterial activity of GO. [40][41][42] A previous study by Liu and Qiu 42,43 reported that treating surfaces with GO promoted antibiotic effects and bone activation.…”

“…Earlier studies attempted to coat on titanium with ZrN or Ag nanos, which is known to have antibacterial effects, and applied it to the implant abutments. 8,[60][61][62] In addition, some studies suggested that bacteria living at the interface of implant abutment and prosthesis could be prevented. 63 Carinci et al 64 examined bacterial viability and biofilm formation on the inside of implants coated with chlorhexidine and reported that soft tissues were effectively healed without any inflammatory symptoms.…”

“…Recently, to prevent peri-implantitis, many attempts have been made to treat the surface of implants with antibacterial materials. 8 Graphene, a honeycomb-lattice monolayer comprising aromatic ring carbon atoms, is a potential biomaterial owing to its unique physical and chemical properties. [9][10][11] In contrast, unlike graphene, graphene oxide (GO) has hydrophilic tendency because of its functional groups (ie, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and epoxy groups); an antibiotic effect; and it promotes bone production through osteoblast activation.…”

Evaluation of Polyacrylonitrile Nonwoven Mats and Silver–Gold Bimetallic Nanoparticle-Decorated Nonwoven Mats for Potential Promotion of Wound Healing In Vitro and In Vivo and Bone Growth In Vitro

“…The abovementioned studies show that PAN-based materials might represent a potential candidate for bone-integrating orthopedic implants. Currently, poor formation of bounding at the interface between bone implant and infection represents a challenge in maintaining implant survival [27]. Modifying the biological response improves biocompatibility and integration with adjacent bone tissue on the orthopedic implant surface.…”

PEA polymer-coated nanotopography delivers solid-state BMP2, enhances mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, prevents bacterial biofilm formation and protects cells from quorum sensing virulence factors

“…43 Other approaches, such as adding a silver coating to a material, can reduce bacterial attachment but the high doses required to kill pathogens also reduce osteoblast activity. 44 Topographical approaches offer another interesting way to address this problem. One approach has been to mimic the bactericidal, high aspect ratio topographies that are present on insect wings, such as on Clanger cicada (Psaltoda claripennis) 45 and the dragonfly (Diplacodes bipunctata) 46 .…”