Sunscreens: Developments and Challenges

Reddy, P. Swathi; Kumar, Aishwarya Suresh; Jain, Vikas

doi:10.22159/ijap.2018v10i6.27379

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…identify the potential of Melastoma malabathricum L as a source of natural cosmetics. A study conducted byReddy et al, 2018 regarding new compounds as biological sources such as plants, minerals, and fish oil are known to have activity against solar radiation. They have antioxidant activity that can inactivate free radicals and show better protection than synthetic compounds because they are environmentally friendly.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Gas Chromatography Study of N-Hexane and Chloroform Fractions of Ethanol Extract of Melastoma Malabathricum L. Leaves: An in Vitro Study of Antioxidant and SPF Values

Apridamayanti

Pratiwi

Sari

2022

Int J Pharm Pharm Sci

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Objective: This research aimed to qualitatively determine the chemical compound constituents, antioxidant capacity, and sun protection factor (SPF) value of extract of the leaves of Melastoma malabathricum L. using GC-MS. Methods: The detected compounds were identified by processing the raw GC-MS data using ChemStation software and comparing results with the NIST mass spectral database. Antioxidant capacity was measured using 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The SPF contained in the n-hexane and chloroform fractions separated from the ethanol extract of the leaves of Melastoma malabathricum L was identified. Results: The GC-MS test results revealed that 21 and 29 peaks of separation occurred in the n-hexane and chloroform fractions. The highest peak values are hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (a fatty acid group also known as palmitic acid) (100%) in the n-hexane and chloroform fractions. The highest chemical content in n-hexane and chloroform fractions was obtained at 20 min. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) results indicated that the n-hexane and chloroform fractions contained steroid and terpenoid compounds. The antioxidant capacity test using DPPH showed that the n-hexane and chloroform fractions of ethanol extract of the leaves of Melastoma malabathricum L had IC50 values of 49.2±7.9 g/ml and 11.3±3.65 g/ml, respectively. Using FRAP, the IC50 values of the n-hexane and chloroform fractions were identified as 365.2±133.6 g/ml and 80.8±8.9 g/ml, respectively, categorizing them as strong and weak antioxidants. SPF testing produced SPF values for the n-hexane and chloroform fractions of ethanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum L leaves of 11.7±0.1 and 21±0.4, respectively. Conclusion: The study results show that the antioxidant activity and the SPF values of the chloroform fraction are greater than those of the n-hexane fraction. In conclusion, the n-hexane and chloroform fractions are found to have antioxidant properties in the weak and solid categories and the ability to protect against sunlight in the vulnerable category.

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confidence: 99%

“…They have antioxidant activity that can inactivate free radicals and show better protection than synthetic compounds because they are environmentally friendly. Research results that have been proven, such as the compound quercetin, Moringa oleifera, and Marcetia taxifolia have significant SPF activity when used as a sunscreen agent[19].…”

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confidence: 99%

Gas Chromatography Study of N-Hexane and Chloroform Fractions of Ethanol Extract of Melastoma Malabathricum L. Leaves: An in Vitro Study of Antioxidant and SPF Values

Apridamayanti

Pratiwi

Sari

2022

Int J Pharm Pharm Sci

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“…Sunscreen creams can absorb or reflect UV radiation and protect the skin from sunburn. TiO 2 is the market's most widely used sunscreen agent and is known to protect the skin from inflammation and pain from sunburn [18]. TiO 2 has been used as a physical sunscreen for many years due to its ability to strongly absorb UV rays that can induce radiation-induced erythema of the skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness of Titanium Dioxide Sunscreen in Combination with Skin Defensil Plus® as an Anti-inflammatory Agent against Ultraviolet Radiation

Kusumawardani,

Widhiati,

Ellistasari

et al. 2023

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause tanning and sunburn in the short-term; nevertheless, continued exposure to UV on unprotected skin will promote premature aging and gene mutation that leads to malignancy. Photoaging caused by sun exposure can happen through inflammation and reactive oxygen species pathway. Defensil plus® consists of natural plant ingredients that have an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity to protect the skin from UV exposure. Sunscreen with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties will reduce the unwanted effect of UV radiation, such as tanning and sunburn. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the combination of titanium dioxide (TiO2) sunscreen with defensil plus® against UV radiation. METHODS: This was an experimental research design with pre- and post-test design approaches. Twenty subjects consisting of ten males and ten females with an average age of 23 years old, participated in this study. We conducted an experimental study with two groups. Group A was the TiO2+ defensil plus® group; Group B was the TiO2 group. The skin protection effect was compared by examining the erythema and melanin indexes using Mexameter® on day 0, post-radiation days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7. Data Analysis using an independent t-test if the data distribution is expected, while the Mann–Whitney test is used if it does not meet the normality assumption. Data were considered significant with p < 0.05. RESULTS: Melanin index decreased significantly from day 1 to 7 in the group that was given TiO2 + defensil plus® compared to the group that was only given TiO2 (p = 0.003). The erythema index gradually decreased and significantly different in the group given TiO2 application (p = 0.036). + defensi plus® compared to the group given TiO2 after 3rd day of application (p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: Application of sunscreen with TiO2 + defensil plus® is effective in response to UV radiation, as demonstrated by lower erythema and melanin indexes than those treated with TiO2 sunscreen alone, thus could protect the skin from UV radiation. Many studies showed that green and black tea (polyphenols) ameliorate adverse skin reactions following UV exposure.

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“…At low concentration, it should be safe, effective, chemically inert and should not cause irritation, sensitization and toxicity to the skin. 2,7,9,26 Classification of Sunscreen Agents Sunscreens provide UV protection in two ways: (a) by preventing free radical formation (Through UV filters) and (b) by scavenging free radicals (via antioxidants). 27 Classification of sunscreen agents are shown inFigure 3.…”

Section: Ideal Properties Of Sunscreenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in sunscreen agents and their formulations: A review

Mewada¹,

Shah

2023

IJPCA

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Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been shown to cause skin disorders, including sunburn and symptoms such as erythema, ageing and formation of wrinkles, pigmentation or dyspigmentation, DNA damage and ultimately photocarcinogenesis on prolonged exposure. It has been reported that sunscreens have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of skin disorders and protect the skin against exogenous and endogenous harmful agents by absorption, scattering and by blocking phenomena. Ultraviolet (UV) rays are divided into three wavelength categories: UV-A, UV-B and UV-C. Skin exposure to sunlight and other climatic conditions induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids in the skin, resulting in oxidative damage and damage of the antioxidant system in the human body. Such injuries disrupt the skin’s regulation pathways, resulting in photoaging and the development of skin cancer. Active ingredients in sunscreen agents are synthetic substances which are classified into organic and inorganic filters. Synthetic agents have a number of serious side effects. As a result, to overcome this deleterious effects natural sunscreens were found by the researchers from nature. Natural products can be used as sunscreens and have healing, softening, rejuvenating, and sun protection properties. However, the use of sunscreen has a number of drawbacks, including inducing photoallergic dermatitis, environment pollution, and deficiency of vitamin D production. Therefore, consumers should use appropriate herbal formulations to improve sun protection as well as to avoid the side effects of synthetic sunscreens.

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Sunscreens: Developments and Challenges

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

Gas Chromatography Study of N-Hexane and Chloroform Fractions of Ethanol Extract of Melastoma Malabathricum L. Leaves: An in Vitro Study of Antioxidant and SPF Values

Gas Chromatography Study of N-Hexane and Chloroform Fractions of Ethanol Extract of Melastoma Malabathricum L. Leaves: An in Vitro Study of Antioxidant and SPF Values

The Effectiveness of Titanium Dioxide Sunscreen in Combination with Skin Defensil Plus® as an Anti-inflammatory Agent against Ultraviolet Radiation

Recent advances in sunscreen agents and their formulations: A review

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