Objective: Purpose of this research was to get the optimum formulation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of mangosteen peels and to evaluate the permeation ability of active substances in the formulation. Method: Oil phase solubility of ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract, ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction and residue of the mangosteen peels was tested with virgin coconut oil (VCO). The formulation was designed with a simplex lattice design using Design Expert software and the permeation was tested using Franz diffusion cell. Results: Based on the results of simplex lattice design methods obtained that the optimum formulation of SNEDDS was the composition of VCO, Tween 80, PEG 400 at a ratio of 1:6,95:2,05. The results of permeation test in vitro using Franz Diffusion cell indicated that the obtained SNEDDS ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen peels that is 96.9223% higher than without preparation SNEDDS was 18,9426 % on hour-8. The optimum physical evaluation SNEDDS optimum values obtained involved drug loading of 125mg/5 mL SNEDDS, the transmittance value of 92%, emulsification time of 65 seconds, pH of 6.35, particle size 20 nm, zeta potential -12,40 and stable for three months. Conclusion: SNEDDS can improve the diffusion rate of mangosteen peels as a model poorly water soluble drug.Various samples of mangosteen peels were screened as candidates for SNEDDS on the basis of solubility of the active compound in oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants. Simplex lattice design methods can be used to obtain optimum formulation on SNEDDS.Key words: SNEDDS, Extract, Fraction, Mangosteen Peels, Simplex Lattice Design.Key message: Novelty in this research is the utilization of waste mangosteen peels in ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract, ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction and residue designed SNEDDS. SNEDDS designed with the simplex lattice design route topical are something new. Additionally, it appeared that diffusion for in vitro release from these SNEDDS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

The mangosteen peels (Garcinia mangostana L.) has high free radical scavengers activity. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical conditions that are formulated in SNEDDS and nanoemulsion preparations. SNEDDS was made with various concentrations of Tween 80, PEG 400, and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with a ratio of 4,98:1,02:1. Nanoemulsions were made with the addition of water to SNEDDS. Stability observation results were analyzed by statistics. The results of physical stability test show that all test samples in the research, in nanoemulsion, SNEDDS fraction, base SNEDDS, SNEDDS vitamin E did not undergo separation, precipitation, cracking, and creaming. On the chemical stability test of nanoemulsion and SNEDDS fraction there is no difference between IC50 before and after storage. While on basic SNEDDS and vitamin E nanoemulsion there is a difference between IC50 before and after storage.

Jerawat adalah penyakit peradangan kronis folikel sebasea yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Tanaman pacar air (Impatiens balsamina L.) telah banyak diteliti aktivitasnya sebagai antibakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak metanol batang dan daun pacar air dan bagaimana efektivitas setelah diformulasikan dalam bentuk gel. Simplisia disokletasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Ekstrak diformulasikan dalam bentuk gel dengan variasi konsentrasi basis HPMC 4000 dan Karbopol 934 dengan perbandingan 70:30 (Formula I), 50:50 (Formula II) dan 30:70 (Formula III). Pengujian aktivitas dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram. Evaluasi sediaan meliputi pemeriksaan organoleptis seperti bau, warna, bentuk serta homogenitas, pengujian daya sebar, daya lekat dan pH. Analisis data menggunakan program R-Commander versi 2.14.1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan daya hambat gel FI, FII dan FIII terhadap P. acnes sebesar 6,46 ±0,15 mm; 12,16 mm ± 0,35; 16,13 mm ± 0,35 mm dan terhadap S. epidermidis sebesar 14,5 ± 0,47 mm; 16,56 ± 0,65 mm; 17,13 ± 0,44 mm. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa FIII memberikan efek antijerawat yang paling optimal dan berbeda signifikan bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif (p<0,05). Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan sediaan homogen, memiliki daya sebar dan daya lekat yang baik, serta pH yang memenuhi syarat.

<span>Mangosteen peels (Garcinia mangostana L.) is well known as an excellent source of antioxidative compounds. The name of mangosteen is xanthone. Antioxidant of mangosteen  peels can be extracted by ethanol, etyl acetate and can be fractinated by etyl acetate and n-hexane. The aim of this research was to compare the antioxidant activity of the peel extract by ethanol and etyl acetate and fractinated by etyl acetate and n-hexane. Extract and fraction exhibited higher scavenging activity of DPPH. </span><span lang="EN">The purpose of this study was to compare antioxidant activity of ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract, fraction of ethyl acetate and n-hexane fraction.</span><span> The</span><span lang="EN"> antioxidant activity </span><span>test </span><span lang="EN">using DPPH method with UV-Vis spectrophotometer</span><span>. Ethanol extract shown IC50 value 5,03 µg/mL, ethyl acetate extract shown IC50 value 41,56 µg/mL. Ethyl acetate fraction shown IC50 value 2,78 µg/mL, and n-hexane fraction with IC50 22,33 µg/mL. It means peel extract and fraction by mangosteen peels has very strong antioxidant activity and ethyl acetate fraction that its antioxidant activity higher that the other solvent.</span>

Objective: This study aimed to design a formula using Design-Expert software to obtain optimal Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulas and to analyze nanospray characteristics of optimal SNEDDS. Methods: The study began with preparing ethanol extract from Melastoma malabathricum. The extract was then fractionated using ethyl acetate. The formulation design stage began with a solubility test of Melastoma malabathricum fraction and gentamicin (MFG) in various surfactants, co-surfactants and oils. Furthermore, the 14 formula of SNEDDS with various compositions of the selected surfactants, co-surfactants and oils were formulated and evaluated with pH response and emulsification time. Analysis was carried out using Design-Expert software with the simplex lattice design method in order to obtain the optimal formula profile. The pH, emulsification time, particle size, and zeta potential of the nanospray from SNEDDS optimal formulas were physically characterized. Stability of SNEDDS and the nanospray was then tested with freeze-thaw cycling and in vitro diffusion studies with Franz diffusion. Results: Based on the study, the ratios of optimal formula SNEDDS composition of Tween 80, propylene glycol, and soybean oil were 2.69: 2.64: 1.67 parts. Nanospray with SNEDDS technology had characteristics of pH 5.61±0.16, emulsification time 7.68±0.18, particle size 270.7 nm, and zeta potential-37.20 mV, and it was stable. Conclusion: Nanospray can be formulated from optimal SNEDDS using Design-Expert software. Nanospray with SNEDDS technology has physical characteristics and is stable. In vitro diffusion studies revealed that the release of Melastoma malabathricum from nanospray was faster than that without preparation.