Siam citrus peel (Citrus nobilis L. var. Microcarpa) is a plant derived from Sambas

AbstrakTanaman lidah buaya merupakan salah satu tanaman khas yang banyak ditemukan di daerah Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat. Tanaman ini mempunyai bagian kulit daun yang bersifat antibakteri, antiinflamasi, dan tidak toksik. Sampai saat ini, tanaman ini merupakan salah satu dari 10 tanaman terlaris di dunia yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai tanaman obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit daun lidah buaya dalam formulasi sabun cair terhadap beberapa bakteri patogen. Ekstrak kulit daun lidah buaya dibuat dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol. Selanjutnya, ekstrak tersebut diformulasikan menjadi sediaan sabun cair. Evaluasi sediaan yang dilakukan meliputi pemeriksaan organoleptis, penentuan nilai pH, bobot jenis dan tinggi busa. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri sabun cair dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sabun yang dihasilkan berbentuk kental, berwarna putih kekuningan, berbau khas lidah buaya, pH pada hari ke-0, 7 dan 14 berturut-turut adalah 8; 8,9; dan 9,4, bobot jenis 1,033 g/ml, tinggi busa pada menit ke-5, 10 dan 15 adalah 76,92%, 19,23% dan 19,23%. Sabun cair ekstrak kulit daun lidah buaya memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap kelompok bakteri Gram positif (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, dan Bacillus cereus) dan bakteri Gram negatif (Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Escherichia coli). AbstractAloe vera is one of the typical plants found in Pontianak, West Kalimantan. This plant's leaf peel is nontoxic and can be used as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent. Nowadays, Aloe vera is one among 10 most popular plants in the world that have a potency to be developed as medicinal plant. This study aimed to determine antibacterial activity of the extract of Aloe vera leaf peel in liquid soap formulation against several pathogenic bacteria. Aloe vera leaf peel extract was prepared with maceration using ethanol. Then, it was formulated into a liquid soap. The soap was evaluated for its organoleptic, pH value, specific gravity, and foam height. Antibacterial activity assay of the liquid soap was carried out using diffusion method. The results showed that the characteristic of the liquid soap was viscous, yellowish white colored, and had distinctive smell of Aloe vera. The pH values on the day 0, 7 and 14 were 8; 8,9; and 9,4; respectively. The specific gravity was 1,033 g/ml. The foam height on minute 5, 10 and 15 were 76.92%, 19.23% and 19.23%, respectively. The liquid soap from the extract of Aloe vera leaf peel was found to have antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus) and Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli).

Objective: This study aimed to design a formula using Design-Expert software to obtain optimal Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulas and to analyze nanospray characteristics of optimal SNEDDS. Methods: The study began with preparing ethanol extract from Melastoma malabathricum. The extract was then fractionated using ethyl acetate. The formulation design stage began with a solubility test of Melastoma malabathricum fraction and gentamicin (MFG) in various surfactants, co-surfactants and oils. Furthermore, the 14 formula of SNEDDS with various compositions of the selected surfactants, co-surfactants and oils were formulated and evaluated with pH response and emulsification time. Analysis was carried out using Design-Expert software with the simplex lattice design method in order to obtain the optimal formula profile. The pH, emulsification time, particle size, and zeta potential of the nanospray from SNEDDS optimal formulas were physically characterized. Stability of SNEDDS and the nanospray was then tested with freeze-thaw cycling and in vitro diffusion studies with Franz diffusion. Results: Based on the study, the ratios of optimal formula SNEDDS composition of Tween 80, propylene glycol, and soybean oil were 2.69: 2.64: 1.67 parts. Nanospray with SNEDDS technology had characteristics of pH 5.61±0.16, emulsification time 7.68±0.18, particle size 270.7 nm, and zeta potential-37.20 mV, and it was stable. Conclusion: Nanospray can be formulated from optimal SNEDDS using Design-Expert software. Nanospray with SNEDDS technology has physical characteristics and is stable. In vitro diffusion studies revealed that the release of Melastoma malabathricum from nanospray was faster than that without preparation.

AbstrakDaun gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Bail) merupakan salah satu bahan alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui golongan kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder daun gaharu dan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Proteus mirabilis dengan metode Disc diffusion Kirby-Bauer. Simplisia daun gaharu dimaserasi dengan etanol 96%. Hasil skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol daun gaharu mengandung flavonoid,fenol,tanin,saponin dan steroid. Selanjutnya dilakukan KLT untuk penegasan adanya senyawa kimia pada ekstrak daun gaharu menggunakan fase gerak butanol:asam asetat:air (4:1:5) dengan fase diam silika gel GF 254 dengan penampak bercak FeCl 3 5% untuk fenolik dan AlCl 3 5% untuk flavonoid kemudian di deteksi pada sinar UV 254nm dan 366nm. Kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah Siprofloksasin 50μg sedangkan kontrol negatif yang digunakan adalah DMSO 20%. Berdasarkan hasil rata-rata diameter zona hambat ekstrak etanol daun gaharu pada Staphylococcus aureus dengan konsentrasi 300 mg/mL, 400 mg/mL, 500 mg/ mL yaitu 12,50 mm, 13,51 mm, 15,80 mm. Sedangkan pada Proteus mirabilis dengan konsentrasi 300 mg/mL, 400 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL yaitu 10,17 mm; 11,62 mm ; 13,41 mm. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun gaharu memiliki aktivitas pada Gram positif dan Gram negatif. AbstractLeaves agarwood (Aquilaria microcarpa Bail) is one of the natural materials that can be used as an antibacterial. This study aims to determine the content type of secondary metabolites and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis by the method of Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion. Simplicia leaves agarwood macerated with ethanol 96%. Results of phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of leaves agarwood contain flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins and steroids. Furthermore, the TLC for the assertion of their chemical compounds in extracts of leaves agarwood using a mobile phase of butanol: acetic acid: water (4: 1: 5) with the stationary phase silica gel GF254 with spotting FeCl3 5% for phenolic and AlCl3 5% for flavonoids later in UV detection at 254nm and 366nm. Control positive used is siprofloksasin 50 μg while control negative used is DMSO 20 % . Based on the results of the average diameter zone obstruent extract ethanol leaves agarwood in staphylococcus aureus by concentration of the 300 mg / ml, 400 mg / ml, 500 mg / ml is 12.50 mm, 13,51 mm, 15,80 mm. while in proteus mirabilis by concentration of the 300 mg / ml, 400 mg / ml, 500 mg / ml is 12,10 mm, 13,26 mm, 15.19 mm. This shows that extracts ethanol leaves agarwood having activity on Gram positive and Gram negative.

Cosmetics are all the rage these days and are considered essential products. With the high consumption of beauty and body care products, it is a great challenge to produce cosmetic ingredients from nature. This study identifies chemical compounds with high phenol content by separating compounds with different solubility and testing levels of secondary metabolite markers. The sample in this study is a soluble compound in polar solvents, namely crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction, ethanol, and residue fraction. Determination begins in this Melastoma malabathricum L. study starting with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) as qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of compound content using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with gallic acid and quercetin as marker compounds, antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and sun protection factor (SPF) values for each sample. The TLC test's retention factor values for each sample, test result: crude extract, ethyl acetate, and ethanol fraction of 0.15 for gallic acid and 0.38 for quercetin. In a quantitative test using RP-HPLC mobile phase phosphoric acid 0.05% pH 3.42-acetonitrile (60:40) for gallic acid and phosphate buffer pH 5.4-acetonitrile (60:40) for quercetin. The result showed that gallic acid levels in crude extract, ethyl acetate, ethanol fraction, and residue are 10.25 ± 0.59 mg/g, 49.29 ± 0.49 mg/g, 6.43 ± 0.14 mg/g, and 7.54 ± 0.61 mg/g, respectively, and quercetin content in crude extract, ethyl acetate, ethanol fraction, and residue was 0.40 ± 2.03 mg/g, 0.93 ± 0.06 mg/g, 0.86 ± 2.99 mg/g, and 0.03 ± 3.74 mg/g, respectively. The result of antioxidant activity from the DPPH and FRAP assay showed that the ethyl acetate fraction has the highest activity compared to vitamin C and quercetin standard and IC 50 of ethyl acetate is 1.9 ± 0.12 and 4.2 ± 1.5 µg/ml, respectively. Identification of SPF result ethyl acetate fraction with the highest value is 59.3 ± 0.9. The result showed that ethyl acetate fraction has the potential to be a raw material for the formulation of sunscreen preparations with SPF values included in the ultracategory.