Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Using Microstructured Optical Fiber Substrates

Amezcua-Correa, Adrian; Yang, Jixin; Finlayson, Chris E.; Peacock, Anna C.; Hayes, J. R.; Sazio, Pier J. A.; Baumberg, Jeremy J.; Howdle, Steven M.

doi:10.1002/adfm.200601125

Cited by 104 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…[42] Individual optical fibers and photonic crystal fibers have also been structured at the micrometric and nanometric scale to enhance Raman signals. [43][44][45][46][47] Combining optical waveguides such as optical fiber bundles and SERS offers the advantages of the molecular signature of Raman spectroscopy, large enhancement factor of SERS, flexibility and compactness of optical fibers, and remote imaging possibility of the bundle format.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of a Macroporous Microwell Array for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering

Zamuner

Talaga

Deiss

et al. 2009

Adv Funct Materials

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Here, a colloidal templating procedure for generating high‐density arrays of gold macroporous microwells, which act as discrete sites for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), is reported. Development of such a novel array with discrete macroporous sites requires multiple fabrication steps. First, selective wet‐chemical etching of the distal face of a coherent optical fiber bundle produces a microwell array. The microwells are then selectively filled with a macroporous structure by electroless template synthesis using self‐assembled nanospheres. The fabricated arrays are structured at both the micrometer and nanometer scale on etched imaging bundles. Confocal Raman microscopy is used to detect a benzenethiol monolayer adsorbed on the macroporous gold and to map the spatial distribution of the SERS signal. The Raman enhancement factor of the modified wells is investigated and an average enhancement factor of 4 × 104 is measured. This demonstrates that such nanostructured wells can enhance the local electromagnetic field and lead to a platform of ordered SERS‐active micrometer‐sized spots defined by the initial shape of the etched optical fibers. Since the fabrication steps keep the initial architecture of the optical fiber bundle, such ordered SERS‐active platforms fabricated onto an imaging waveguide open new applications in remote SERS imaging, plasmonic devices, and integrated electro‐optical sensor arrays.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of a Macroporous Microwell Array for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering

Zamuner

Talaga

Deiss

et al. 2009

Adv Funct Materials

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“…6 Using a high-pressure chemical deposition technique, we recently reported the deposition of silver nanoparticles into the voids of MOFs for use as surface enhanced Raman scattering ͑SERS͒ sensors. 7 Significantly, localized plasmonic excitation on nanoparticles does not suffer from the strict phase-matching requirements of plasmon waves on thin smooth films, simplifying the device design. 8 By exploiting the unique geometry of MOFs, where the light guided in the core can interact with the metal nanoparticles via the evanescent field, our fiberized sensors can provide enhanced propagation lengths and average over many particle sizes and spacings, thus offering increased sensitivity and reproducibility of the measured response.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7. Control over the silver deposition can be obtained by tuning the experimental parameters such as the temperature, precursor concentration, flow rate, and deposition time to yield a range of particle sizes from tens to hundreds of nanometers and profiles that vary from sparse nanoparticles to thin granular films.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly efficient surface enhanced Raman scattering using microstructured optical fibers with enhanced plasmonic interactions

Peacock

Amezcua-Correa

Yang

et al. 2008

Applied Physics Letters

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Microstructured optical fibers ͑MOFs͒ represent a promising platform technology for fully integrated photonic-plasmonic devices. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the properties of two MOF templates impregnated with silver nanoparticles via a high pressure chemical deposition technique. By comparing fiber templates with different air filling fractions, we have quantified the importance of an increased field-particle overlap for improved surface enhanced Raman scattering sensitivity for the next generation of optical fiber sensors. © 2008 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.2907506͔Optical fiber sensors offer a number of advantages over conventional electronic devices because they are compact, robust, flexible, and can stretch over kilometer lengths without the need for complicated electrical components near the active sensing region. Recently, there has been a great interest in fiberized devices which incorporate metallic thin films or nanoparticles due to the large electromagnetic fields generated via the excitation of surface plasmons.1 The incorporation of metals into an optical fiber geometry combines photon transport with the active plasmonic region to yield completely integrated devices with unique excitation and detection geometries.Since the demonstration of pure silica microstructured optical fibers 2 ͑MOFs͒, they have become an increasingly integral component in many areas of research and the current endeavors to incorporate functional materials into the air holes have led to the development of a range of complex in-fiber devices.3-5 MOFs make exceptional threedimensional templates for materials deposition as they are robust, temporally and mechanically stable, and the aperiodic or periodic arrangement of air holes can be tightly controlled during the fabrication process so that by choosing an appropriate structure, the distribution of the optical mode can be carefully engineered.6 Using a high-pressure chemical deposition technique, we recently reported the deposition of silver nanoparticles into the voids of MOFs for use as surface enhanced Raman scattering ͑SERS͒ sensors.7 Significantly, localized plasmonic excitation on nanoparticles does not suffer from the strict phase-matching requirements of plasmon waves on thin smooth films, simplifying the device design. 8By exploiting the unique geometry of MOFs, where the light guided in the core can interact with the metal nanoparticles via the evanescent field, our fiberized sensors can provide enhanced propagation lengths and average over many particle sizes and spacings, thus offering increased sensitivity and reproducibility of the measured response.In our previous work, we investigated the SERS properties of a MOF with a large core ͑ϳ20 m͒ relative to the visible wavelength of the excitation laser, so that the overlap between the core guided light and the nanoparticles in the cladding air holes was small. By measuring the SERS signals detected via two different excitation geometries, where in one instance the light was coupled i...

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“…Practical implementations of ENZ materials into structured fibers can be accomplished with techniques introduced to realize optical fibers with more complex material compositions [31,32] and hybrid optical fibers [33,34]. One could simply insert naturally occurring bulk materials having ENZ properties directly into a structured fiber using direct thermal drawing [35], pressure-assisted melt filling techniques [36], or chemical depositions [37][38][39]. Our reported PCF designs could be achieved using the pressure-assisted melt filling technique to insert the bulk-form of KCl [26] or semi-conductor plasmonic materials [40] into the appropriate holes in the host silicon material for the THz PCF.…”

Section: Realistic Thz and Optical Pcfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular hole ENZ photonic crystal fibers exhibit high birefringence

et al. 2018

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Abstract-A novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) design that yields very high birefringence is proposed and analyzed. Its significantly enhanced birefringence is achieved by filling selected air holes in the cladding with an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) material. Extensive simulation results of this asymmetric material distribution in the lower THz range demonstrate that the reported PCF has a birefringence above 0.1 and a loss below 0.01 cm -1 over a wide band of frequencies. Moreover, it exhibits near zero dispersion at 0.75 THz for both the X-and Y-polarization modes and a birefringence equal to 0.28. This THz PCF is then scaled successfully to optical frequencies. While the high birefringence is maintained, this optical PCF has a very high loss in its Y-polarization mode and, consequently, yields single-polarization single-mode (SPSM) propagation, exhibiting near zero dispersion at the optical telecom wavelength of 1.55 μm. The ideal ENZ materials used for these conceptual models are replaced with realistic ones for both the THz and optical PCF designs. With the currently available ENZ materials, the realistic PCFs still have a high birefringence, but with higher losses compared to the idealized results. Future developments of ENZ materials that achieve lower loss properties will mitigate this issue in any frequency band of high interest.

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Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Using Microstructured Optical Fiber Substrates

Cited by 104 publications

References 31 publications

Fabrication of a Macroporous Microwell Array for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering

Fabrication of a Macroporous Microwell Array for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering

Highly efficient surface enhanced Raman scattering using microstructured optical fibers with enhanced plasmonic interactions

Circular hole ENZ photonic crystal fibers exhibit high birefringence

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