Surface Wax Deposits on Foliage of Picea Pungens and Other Conifers

Hanover, James W.; Reicosky, David A.

doi:10.2307/2441014

Cited by 42 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Waxes also affect a number of physiological processes. Hanover & Reicosky (1971) suggested that the occlusion of epistomatal chambers by waxes presents a resistance to gases along the stomatal pathway. Jeffree, Johnson & Jarvis (1971) calculated that occlusions might reduce transpiration by twothirds and photosynthesis by one-third.…”

Section: Statistical and Groivth Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental changes in Sitka spruce as indices of physiological age I. Changes in needle morphology

1989

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There is a paucity of data regarding developmental changes in trees. Measurements of length, width, length/width ratio, perimeter/width and width/height ratios of tranverse sections, projected and total surface areas, dry weight, specific leaf area and the weight of epicuticular waxes per unit leaf area were made on needles sampled from the uppermost whorl of Sitka spruce trees aged 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 38 years. All characteristics, except needle length and the weight of epicuticular waxes, showed asymptotic changes with age that could adequately be described by the Gompertz growth function, and offer potential as indices of physiological age. Asymptotes were reached at different ages (width and the length/width ratio having the slowest rates of change and the perimeter/width ratio, specific leaf area, and the width/height ratio having the fastest) suggesting a predictable sequence of changes. The observed changes in needle morphology are interpreted as a transition from shade to sun leaves.

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Section: Statistical and Groivth Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental changes in Sitka spruce as indices of physiological age I. Changes in needle morphology

1989

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“…Rhine (1924) reported that black deposits found in the stomatal pits of certain conifers and thought to be soot from coal smoke were actually fine granular waxes which were permeable to gases. We have recently shown that there is variation in the degree of wax occlusion of the epistomatal chambers of conifers, ranging from the partially occluded condition in Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) to the completely occluded condition shown by blue spruce (Picea pungens) (Hanover and Reicosky, 1971).…”

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confidence: 99%

Seasonal Changes in Leaf Surface Waxes of Picea pungens

Reicosky

Hanover

1976

American Journal of Botany

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The morphological and chronological development of epicuticular waxes and their effects on the boundary layer of blue spruce needles were studied with a scanning electron microscope. Structural or crystalline‐like waxes develop first in the epistomatal chambers of needles in an expanding bud. However, as the needles emerge from the bud the structural waxes develop over the entire needle surface on glaucous foliage but are mainly restricted to the stomatal areas on non‐glaucous foliage. The epistomatal chambers are occluded with surface waxes as the needles emerge from the bud and they remained occluded. Structural waxes occlude the epistomatal chambers but as these waxes degrade the occlusion becomes amorphous in appearance. Structural waxes are degraded to an amorphous layer over the entire needle surface by weathering. Calculations reveal that the surface waxes of blue spruce are too small to have a significant effect on the boundary layer of the needle.

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“…The structural degradation of epistomatal waxes is basically a natural event which proceeds continuously even in 'healthy' trees with increasing age of the needles (e.g., HANOVER and REICOSKY 1971;GRILL 1973 a, b;REICOSKY and HANOVER 1976;FRANICH et al 1977;PERCY and RIDING 1978;GUNTHARDT and WANNER 1982;HUTTUNEN and LAINE 1983). In the needles of a 'healthy' spruce tree of an urban area it took e. g. seven years before 80-90% of the stomates became occluded by a ± solid lid of wax (SAUTER and Voss 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of rodlike structural waxes in the stomatal antechambers is a characteristic feature of the needles of most conifers (e. g., HANOVER and REICOSKY 1971;GRILL 1973a, b). These epistomatal wax tubules are of paracrystalline structure (JEFFREY et al 1975) and are considered to reduce the stomatal transpiration of needles most efficiently even in their unaltered stage, e. g., by two thirds in Pieea sitehensis QEFFREY et al 1971).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dramatic corrosive effect of road side exposure and of aromatic hydrocarbons on the epistomatal wax crystalloids in spruce and fir ‐ and its significance for the‘Waldsterben’

Sauter

1989

European Journal of Forest Pathology

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The dramatic corrosive effect of motor vehicle emissions on the wax tubules in the epistomatal chambers has been followed in needles of spruce and fir with the scanning electron microscope. Fumes of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, xylene) were found to induce the same corrosion within days. The epistomatal waxes are consid^ered, therefore, to be the primary target of such lipophilic compounds of polluted air and the physiological consequences of the ensuing premature stomatal ODstruction to be closely related with the 'Waldsterben'.

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Surface Wax Deposits on Foliage of Picea Pungens and Other Conifers

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

Developmental changes in Sitka spruce as indices of physiological age I. Changes in needle morphology

Developmental changes in Sitka spruce as indices of physiological age I. Changes in needle morphology

Seasonal Changes in Leaf Surface Waxes of Picea pungens

The dramatic corrosive effect of road side exposure and of aromatic hydrocarbons on the epistomatal wax crystalloids in spruce and fir ‐ and its significance for the‘Waldsterben’

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