Surveillance for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds during Outbreaks in Domestic Poultry, Minnesota, 2015

Jennelle, Christopher S.; Carstensen, Michelle; Hildebrand, Erik C.; Cornicelli, Louis; Wolf, Paul C.; Grear, Daniel A.; Ip, Hon S.; VanDalen, Kaci K.; Minicucci, Larissa A

doi:10.3201/eid2207.152032

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…We also did not find evidence that input from wild birds played a role in the outbreak of the EA/NA H5N2 outbreak in Midwestern poultry. Instead, our analysis suggested that once the EA/NA H5N2 lineage entered the poultry production system in the Midwest USA, transmission was driven through poultry production‐related mechanisms because we found close phylogenetic distance among sequences from poultry facilities (Figure ), relatively infrequent estimate of cross‐species transmission (Table ), high estimated proportion of viral diversity that was sampled (Table ), and other surveillance data failed to detect this lineage in reservoir hosts (Grear et al., ; Ip et al., ; Jennelle et al., ; Krauss et al., ). We suggest that the lack of detection in wild birds points to facility biosecurity that was nearly sufficient to reduce the epidemic size, but had just enough failures to produce the observed consequences (50M birds depopulated and over US $3 billion; Greene, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…However, we estimated that the poultry sequences sampled a high proportion of viral diversity in all segments (Table ). We cannot rule out that an unobserved reservoir of HPAIVs existed outside the sample associated with Midwest, but other surveillance in wild birds on and near infected poultry facilities detected no HPAIVs in wild birds contemporary to the poultry outbreak (Jennelle et al., ) and limited exposure in wildlife (Grear, Dusek, Walsh, & Hall, ; Shriner et al., ). A further observation from the phylogeny of the Midwestern poultry sequences suggested that transmission was not structured by production type, with egg‐laying chicken and domestic turkey facilities represented within the same viral lineages (Figures , ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Inferring epidemiologic dynamics from viral evolution: 2014–2015 Eurasian/North American highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exceed transmission threshold, R₀ = 1, in wild birds and poultry in North America

Grear

Hall

Dusek

et al. 2017

Evolutionary Applications

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a multihost pathogen with lineages that pose health risks for domestic birds, wild birds, and humans. One mechanism of intercontinental HPAIV spread is through wild bird reservoirs, and wild birds were the likely sources of a Eurasian (EA) lineage HPAIV into North America in 2014. The introduction resulted in several reassortment events with North American (NA) lineage low‐pathogenic avian influenza viruses and the reassortant EA/NA H5N2 went on to cause one of the largest HPAIV poultry outbreaks in North America. We evaluated three hypotheses about novel HPAIV introduced into wild and domestic bird hosts: (i) transmission of novel HPAIVs in wild birds was restricted by mechanisms associated with highly pathogenic phenotypes; (ii) the HPAIV poultry outbreak was not self‐sustaining and required viral input from wild birds; and (iii) reassortment of the EA H5N8 generated reassortant EA/NA AIVs with a fitness advantage over fully Eurasian lineages in North American wild birds. We used a time‐rooted phylodynamic model that explicitly incorporated viral population dynamics with evolutionary dynamics to estimate the basic reproductive number (R 0) and viral migration among host types in domestic and wild birds, as well as between the EA H5N8 and EA/NA H5N2 in wild birds. We did not find evidence to support hypothesis (i) or (ii) as our estimates of the transmission parameters suggested that the HPAIV outbreak met or exceeded the threshold for persistence in wild birds (R 0 > 1) and poultry (R 0 ≈ 1) with minimal estimated transmission among host types. There was also no evidence to support hypothesis (iii) because R 0 values were similar among EA H5N8 and EA/NA H5N2 in wild birds. Our results suggest that this novel HPAIV and reassortments did not encounter any transmission barriers sufficient to prevent persistence when introduced to wild or domestic birds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Inferring epidemiologic dynamics from viral evolution: 2014–2015 Eurasian/North American highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exceed transmission threshold, R₀ = 1, in wild birds and poultry in North America

Grear

Hall

Dusek

et al. 2017

Evolutionary Applications

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“…Our analysis demonstrates extensive interfarm transmission of virus subgroups 2a, 2b, and 2e but not of group 1 viruses, which could also infect wild birds, suggesting a change in the epidemiologic processes driving viral spread. Although a national level–structured surveillance effort was not initiated until July 2015 ( 19 ), H5N2 detections were far less frequent in the Midwest than in the Pacific flyway, suggesting few H5N2-infected wild waterfowl were in the Central and Mississippi flyways during the outbreak period ( 32 , 33 ). Nonetheless, detection of H5N2 viruses from wild birds in the Midwest in early 2015 and our phylogenetic analysis suggest that the HPAIV H5N2 moved from the Pacific flyway to the Mississippi and Central flyways as early as January or February 2015, with subsequent interfarm transmission in and between states of the Midwest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5Nx) Clade 2.3.4.4, North America, 2014–2015

Lee¹,

Torchetti²,

Hicks³

et al. 2018

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Eurasia highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5 clade 2.3.4.4 emerged in North America at the end of 2014 and caused outbreaks affecting >50 million poultry in the United States before eradication in June 2015. We investigated the underlying ecologic and epidemiologic processes associated with this viral spread by performing a comparative genomic study using 268 full-length genome sequences and data from outbreak investigations. Reassortant HPAIV H5N2 circulated in wild birds along the Pacific flyway before several spillover events transmitting the virus to poultry farms. Our analysis suggests that >3 separate introductions of HPAIV H5N2 into Midwest states occurred during March–June 2015; transmission to Midwest poultry farms from Pacific wild birds occurred ≈1.7–2.4 months before detection. Once established in poultry, the virus rapidly spread between turkey and chicken farms in neighboring states. Enhanced biosecurity is required to prevent the introduction and dissemination of HPAIV across the poultry industry.

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“…Given the compact spatial arrangement of the events, relative incident timing ( Fig. 3) 70,71 , and the commonality of virus subtypes at each location (e.g., H7N3 in Jalisco, H5N2 in Upper Midwest), we conjecture that AIP clusters likely stemmed from some combination of mechanical (i.e., shared farm equipment, staff movement between farms, etc.) and environmental (i.e., common water, soil, and air) transmission 28,72 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterfowl occurrence and residence time as indicators of H5 and H7 avian influenza in North American Poultry

Humphreys

Ramey

Douglas

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Avian influenza (AI) affects wild aquatic birds and poses hazards to human health, food security, and wildlife conservation globally. Accordingly, there is a recognized need for new methods and tools to help quantify the dynamic interaction between wild bird hosts and commercial poultry. Using satellite-marked waterfowl, we applied Bayesian joint hierarchical modeling to concurrently model species distributions, residency times, migration timing, and disease occurrence probability under an integrated animal movement and disease distribution modeling framework. Our results indicate that migratory waterfowl are positively related to AI occurrence over North America such that as waterfowl occurrence probability or residence time increase at a given location, so too does the chance of a commercial poultry AI outbreak. Analyses also suggest that AI occurrence probability is greatest during our observed waterfowl northward migration, and less during the southward migration. Methodologically, we found that when modeling disparate facets of disease systems at the wildlifeagriculture interface, it is essential that multiscale spatial patterns be addressed to avoid mistakenly inferring a disease process or disease-environment relationship from a pattern evaluated at the improper spatial scale. The study offers important insights into migratory waterfowl ecology and AI disease dynamics that aid in better preparing for future outbreaks. Avian influenza is a global concern and poses hazards to human health, food security, and wildlife conservation worldwide 1,2. Domestic poultry operations are particularly vulnerable to avian influenza viruses maintained in wild bird hosts 3-6 as the viruses may be spread to poultry 7-10 via direct contact or by way of environmental contamination. Once introduced into a poultry operation, avian influenza viruses of the H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtype can rapidly propagate through commercial flocks and mutate to the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) pathotype with increased virulence 1,11,12. HPAI outbreaks can inflict direct stock mortality or necessitate that culling protocols be implemented to minimize the risk of disease spread. In rare instances, control efforts may also reduce the spread of viruses potentially lethal to humans, as was shown for Goose Guangdong (GsGD) lineage HPAI H5N1 and H7N9 in China 13,14. Avian influenza viruses circulate among wild aquatic birds globally and taxa such as migratory waterfowl are considered to be natural biologic reservoirs 15. Waterfowl are infected with varying virus subtypes, including those with the H5 and H7 hemagglutinin protein that have the potential to mutate to HPAI in poultry throughout the Neotropics and Nearctic 16-19. During 2014 and 2015, it appears migratory waterfowl contributed to the introduction of GsGD lineage HPAI H5 viruses into North America 20-22 and subsequent spread in Canada and the U.S. 23-26. This outbreak was the largest in U.S. history, affected wild and domestic birds in 21 U.S. States, resulted in the loss of a...

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Surveillance for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds during Outbreaks in Domestic Poultry, Minnesota, 2015

Cited by 19 publications

References 12 publications

Inferring epidemiologic dynamics from viral evolution: 2014–2015 Eurasian/North American highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exceed transmission threshold, R₀ = 1, in wild birds and poultry in North America

Inferring epidemiologic dynamics from viral evolution: 2014–2015 Eurasian/North American highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exceed transmission threshold, R₀ = 1, in wild birds and poultry in North America

Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5Nx) Clade 2.3.4.4, North America, 2014–2015

Waterfowl occurrence and residence time as indicators of H5 and H7 avian influenza in North American Poultry

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Surveillance for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds during Outbreaks in Domestic Poultry, Minnesota, 2015

Cited by 19 publications

References 12 publications

Inferring epidemiologic dynamics from viral evolution: 2014–2015 Eurasian/North American highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exceed transmission threshold, R0 = 1, in wild birds and poultry in North America

Inferring epidemiologic dynamics from viral evolution: 2014–2015 Eurasian/North American highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exceed transmission threshold, R0 = 1, in wild birds and poultry in North America

Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5Nx) Clade 2.3.4.4, North America, 2014–2015

Waterfowl occurrence and residence time as indicators of H5 and H7 avian influenza in North American Poultry

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Inferring epidemiologic dynamics from viral evolution: 2014–2015 Eurasian/North American highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exceed transmission threshold, R₀ = 1, in wild birds and poultry in North America

Inferring epidemiologic dynamics from viral evolution: 2014–2015 Eurasian/North American highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exceed transmission threshold, R₀ = 1, in wild birds and poultry in North America