Survey of the Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Effects of Zingiber officinale (in Vitro Study)

Abstract

Background:Candidiasis is one of the most prevalent and important opportunistic fungal infections of the oral cavity caused by Candida yeast species like Candida albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei. In addition, several bacteria can cause oral infections. The inhibition of microbial biofilm is the best way to prevent oral infections.Objectives:The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antifungal, antimicrobial, and anti-biofilm properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract against Candida species and some bacterial pathogens and the extract’s effects on biofilm formation.Materials and Methods:Ginger ethanolic extract as a potential mouthwash was used to evaluate its effect against fungi and bacteria using the microdilution method, and biofilm was evaluated using the crystal violet staining method and dead/alive staining. MTT assay was used to evaluate the possible cytotoxicity effects of the extract.Results:The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ginger extract for evaluated strains were 40, 40, 20, 20, 20, 20, 10, and 5 mg/mL for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Acinetobacter baumannii, C. albicans, and C. krusei, respectively. Ginger extract successfully inhibited biofilm formation by A. baumannii, B. cereus, C. krusei, and C. albicans. MTT assay revealed no significant reduction in cell viability after 24 hours. The minimum inhibitory biofilm concentrations (MIBCs) of ginger extract for fungi strains (C. krusei and C. albicans) were greater than those of fluconazole and nystatin (P = 0.000).Conclusions:The findings of the present study indicate that ginger extract has good antifungal and antibiofilm formation by fungi against C. albicans and C. Krusei. Concentrations between 0.625 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL had the highest antibiofilm and antifungal effects. Perhaps, the use of herbal extracts such as ginger represents a new era for antimicrobial therapy after developing antibiotic resistance in microbes.

Inhibition of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Biofilm Formation by Methanolic Extract of <i>Nothoscordum bivalve</i>

“…In the case of the hydro-alcoholic extracts of fungi belonging to the Russula, Fistulina, Mycena, Leucopaxilus and Lepista type, a maximum of 28.6% inhibition was found in the formation of biofilms with sub-lethal concentrations of the MBCs (<20 mg/mL) [48]. In the same way, ethanolic extracts of ginger at a concentration rate between 0.62 and 80 mg/mL had an effect significantly inhibiting biofilm formation in A. baumannii [49].…”

Screening and comparative study ofin vitroantioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of selected Vietnamese plants

“…The growth of the first strain of A. hydrophila (1) was also inhibited by P. amarus, P. betle and commercial product A, but at higher concentrations of plant extracts (MIC = 625 µg/mL). P. guajava and E. hirta, which Piper betle 156 625 625 S. aureus (1000 µg/mL), Propionibacterium acnes (4000 µg/mL) [67] Psidium guajava 312 1250 >2500 S. mutans (250 µg/mL), S. mitis (250 µg/mL), S. oralis (250 µg/mL) [68] Commercial product A 312 625 625 -Euphorbia hirta 625 1250 >2500 S. aureus (25 mg/mL), Candida albicans (12.5 mg/mL) [69] Mimosa pudica 1250 2500 >2500 Escherichia coli (250 mg/mL), S. aureus (250 mg/mL), Bacillus subtilis (200 mg/mL) [70] , Eclipta prostrata 1250 1250 >2500 E. coli (12.5 mg/mL), S. aureus (3.125 mg/mL), B. subtilis (6.25 mg/mL), B. cereus (1.56 mg/mL) [71] Commercial product B >2500 >2500 >2500 -Zingiber officinale 2500 2500 >2500 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (40 mg/mL), E. coli (40 mg/mL), S. aureus (20 mg/mL) [72] Annona reticulata. 2500 2500 2500 E. coli (30 µg/mL), S. aureus (40 µg/mL), B. subtilis (10 µg/mL) [73] Houttuynia cordata 2500 2500 >2500 Bacillus dysenteriae (0.08 mg/mL) [74] Cayratia trifolia 2500 >2500 -Perilla frutescens >2500 >2500 -Azadirachta indica >2500 >2500 E. coli (0.781 mg.mL), K. pneumonia (1.562 mg/mL), E. faecalis (3.125 mg/mL), S. aureus (1.562 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (1.562 mg/mL) [43] Commercial product C 2500 >2500 -Ageratum conyzoides >2500 >2500 E. coli (100 µg/mL), S. aureus (200 µg/mL) [75] Portulaca oleracea >2500 >2500 S. aureus (12.5 mg/mL), Streptococcus pyogenes (12.5 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (50 mg/mL), E. coli (50 mg/mL) [76] Allium sativum 2500 >2500 E. coli (150 µg/mL), Klebsiella pneumonia (150 µg/mL), B. subtilis (100 µg/mL) [77] Ocimum basilicum >2500 >2500 Bacillus cereus (62.5 µg/mL), B. subtilis (125 µg/mL), S. aureus (62.5 mg/mL), E. coli (125 µg/mL), Salmonella typhi (500 µg/mL) [78] Centella asiatica 2500 >2500 S. aureus (8 mg/mL) [79] Wedelia chinensis >2500 >2500 B. cereus (3.13 mg/mL), B. subtilis (6.25 mg/mL), S. aureus (6.25 mg/mL), E. coli (25 mg/mL) [80] Momordica charantia >2500 >2500 Enterococcus faecalis (1.25 mg/mL), E. coli (5 mg/mL), K. pneumonia (5 mg/mL) [81] Alternanthera sessilis >2500 >2500 inhibited the growth of the first strain of A. hydrophila (1) at a concentration of 312 and 625 µg/mL respectively, needed a concentration of 1250 µg/mL to inhibit the second strain (2) ( Table 4).…”

Phillipsins A and B from Zingiber phillippsii Mood & Theilade in Borneo

“…In addition, local traditional knowledge also attributes ginger to have antiemetic, anti-flatulence, anti-diarrhea, cardiotonic and expectorant as well as to cure swollen body and snake bite [4,5]. Generally, ginger has been reported to contain diverse bioactive secondary metabolites from terpenoids to aromatic compounds [6][7][8][9][10][11]. The secondary metabolites isolated from ginger have been reported to exhibit antifungal potentials [10,11].…”

“…Generally, ginger has been reported to contain diverse bioactive secondary metabolites from terpenoids to aromatic compounds [6][7][8][9][10][11]. The secondary metabolites isolated from ginger have been reported to exhibit antifungal potentials [10,11]. Therefore, we decided to test the isolated compounds against marine Oomycetes (lower fungi) that infects and causes disease outbreak in mud crab juveniles, Scylla tranquebarica, that have severely affected the mud crab production in Sabah, Malaysia [12].…”