Survival of Avian Influenza Virus H7N2 in SPF Chickens and Their Environments

Lu, Huaguang; Castro, Anthony E.; Pennick, Kate E.; Liu, J.; Yang, Qiqi; Dunn, Patricia A.; Weinstock, Daniel; Henzler, David J.

doi:10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1015

Cited by 97 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Other factors besides heat during composting have been shown to be important in virus inactivation as well [22,23]. The temperatures in all treatments in this study were consistently adequate for efficient virus inactivation within compost piles according to published research [18,19,21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Composting has been shown to be an effective means for virus neutralization in AI outbreaks and is now considered one of the preferred methods in the US [15][16][17]. According to a study in 2003, the AI virus in manure is neutralized within 15 min at 56°C (133°F), 24 h at 30-37°C (86-99°F) and 2 days at ambient temperatures of 15-20°C (59-68°F) [18]. Another study in 2006 showed virus inactivation after 24 h at 25°C (77°F) in manure [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy and efficiency of poultry carcass composting using different mechanical mixing equipment for avian influenza outbreaks

Keaten¹,

Hutchinson²

2017

Int J One Health

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Background and Aim: Avian influenza (AI) is a viral disease that caused the largest animal disease outbreak in the history of US agriculture. There are several disposal methods of AI infected poultry carcasses available in the US, which include on-site burial, landfill, incineration, rendering, and composting. Of these methods, composting is the most environmentally friendly and poses a low risk for biosecurity. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has developed a comprehensive plan for composting AI infected carcasses. The current protocols have the potential for areas of anaerobic pockets within the windrow due to inadequate mixing and the large carcass size of whole birds. This could lead to ineffective virus neutralization or prolonged composting times and higher resource costs. The purpose of this project was to determine if using a horizontal mixer (HM) wagon to mix composting ingredients or a vertical mixer (VM) wagon to mix and cut up the compositing ingredients is an economical and timely means to accelerate the tissue break-down and obtain optimal temperatures for poultry carcass composting during an AI outbreak.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and efficiency of poultry carcass composting using different mechanical mixing equipment for avian influenza outbreaks

Keaten¹,

Hutchinson²

2017

Int J One Health

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“…Of the 132 citations, 92 were excluded at the second relevance level after retrieving the articles, primarily due to a lack of environmental sampling or reporting only discovery and not persistence of the influenza virus. Other citations were excluded, as they reported virus stability in laboratory techniques (1,39,61,63), disinfection (15,23,54,62,86,103), persistence in eggs, meat, or carcasses (1,4,41,47,60,72), transmission rather than persistence (44,56,85), or only one sampling time (24,27,45,69,101).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using the Systematic Review Methodology To Evaluate Factors That Influence the Persistence of Influenza Virus in Environmental Matrices

Irwin

Yoon

Wang

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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, i.e., air, water, soil, feces, and fomites. An electronic search of PubMed, CAB, AGRICOLA, Biosis, and Compendex was performed, and citation relevance was determined according to the aim of the review. Quality assessment of relevant studies was performed using criteria from experts in virology, disease ecology, and environmental science. A total of 9,760 abstracts were evaluated, and 40 appeared to report the persistence of influenza virus in environmental samples. Evaluation of full texts revealed that 19 of the 40 studies were suitable for review, as they described virus concentration measured at multiple sampling times, with viruses detectable at least twice. Seven studies reported persistence in air (six published before 1970), seven in water (five published after 1990), two in feces, and three on surfaces. All three fomite and five air studies addressed human influenza virus, and all water and feces studies pertained to avian influenza virus. Outcome measurements were transformed to half-lives, and resultant multivariate mixed linear regression models identified influenza virus surviving longer in water than in air. Temperature was a significant predictor of persistence over all matrices. Salinity and pH were significant predictors of persistence in water conditions. An assessment of the methodological quality review of the included studies revealed significant gaps in reporting critical aspects of study design.

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“…Above 50°C, variation in thermostability between isolates persists, regardless of subtype (21,32). Variation within a subtype is interesting, but interpretation of previous work could be confounded by two primary factors: host and geographic location.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermostability of Subpopulations of H2N3 Influenza Virus Isolates from Mallard Ducks

Negovetich

Webster

2010

J Virol

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Maintenance of avian influenza virus in waterfowl populations requires that virions remain infectious while in the environment. Temperature has been shown to negatively correlate with persistence time, which is the duration for which virions are infectious. However, thermostability can vary between isolates regardless of subtype, and it is not known whether this variation occurs when host and geographic location of isolation are controlled. In this study, we analyzed the thermostabilities of 7 H2N3 viruses isolated from mallard ducks in Alberta, Canada. Virus samples were incubated at 37°C and 55°C, and infectivity titers were calculated at different time points. Based on the rate of infectivity inactivation at 37°C, isolates could be grouped into either a thermosensitive or thermostable fraction for both egg-and MDCK-grown virus populations. Titers decreased more rapidly for isolates incubated at 55°C, and this loss of infectivity occurred in a nonlinear, 2-step process, which is in contrast with the consensus on thermostability. This suggests that stock samples contain a mixture of subpopulations with different thermostabilities. The rate of decrease for the sensitive fraction was approximately 14 times higher than that for the stable fraction. The presence of subpopulations is further supported by selection experiments and plaque purification, both of which result in homogenous populations that exhibit linear decreases of infectivity titer. Therefore, variation of thermostability of influenza virus isolates begins at the level of the population. The presence of subpopulations with high thermostability suggests that avian viruses can persist in water longer than previously estimated, thus increasing the probability of transmission to susceptible hosts.

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Survival of Avian Influenza Virus H7N2 in SPF Chickens and Their Environments

Cited by 97 publications

References 15 publications

Efficacy and efficiency of poultry carcass composting using different mechanical mixing equipment for avian influenza outbreaks

Efficacy and efficiency of poultry carcass composting using different mechanical mixing equipment for avian influenza outbreaks

Using the Systematic Review Methodology To Evaluate Factors That Influence the Persistence of Influenza Virus in Environmental Matrices

Thermostability of Subpopulations of H2N3 Influenza Virus Isolates from Mallard Ducks

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