Sustainable Diesel from Pyrolysis of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Basic Soaps: The Effect of Temperature on Yield and Product Composition

Abstract

The production of sustainable diesel without hydrogen addition remains a challenge for low-cost fuel production. In this work, the pyrolysis of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) basic soaps was studied for the production sustainable diesel (bio-hydrocarbons). UFAs were obtained from palm fatty acids distillate (PFAD), which was purified by the fractional crystallization method. Metal hydroxides were used to make basic soap composed of a Ca, Mg, and Zn mixture with particular composition. The pyrolysis reactions were carried out in a batch reactor at atmospheric pressure and various temperatures from 375 to 475 °C. The liquid products were obtained with the best yield (58.35%) at 425 °C and yield of diesel fraction 53.4%. The fatty acids were not detected in the pyrolysis liquid product. The gas product consisted of carbon dioxide and methane. The liquid products were a mixture of hydrocarbon with carbon chains in the range of C7 and C20 containing n-alkane, alkene, and iso-alkane.

Thermocatalytic Cracking of Frying Oil and Plastic Waste for Production of Organic Liquid Products and Derivatives

“…On the other hand, the fractions of bio‐gasoline and bio‐kerosene show lower yield, characterized by lower concentrations of hydrocarbons with short molecular chains (C 5 –C 12 ) in the OLP, similar behavior, also observed in studies carried out by Puspawiningtiyas et al 15 and Wisniewski et al 20.…”

Formulation and Activity Test of Sunflower Oil (Helianthus Annuus L.) Liquid Soap as Anti Acne

“…The process was then continued by adding sunflower oil into the liquid soap. In the end, oleum rosae is added as a fragrance [18,19].…”

“…The content of glycerin is hygroscopic which is suspected to absorb moisture from the air, which causes the water content in the preparation to become increase. By this condition, preparation tends to become unstable [19,23]. The inhibition of the negative control formed was caused by the presence of SLS which is bacteriostatic for gram-positive bacteria and glycerin as an antimicrobial agent [14,27,28,29] The value of the diameter of the inhibition zone of the positive control had moderate antibacterial activity, this was because the clindamycin disc used was influenced by poor disc storage factors and the disc had been opened for a long time.…”

Sustainability assessment of a decentralized green diesel production in small‐scale biorefineries

“…Another conversion route for biofuel production under development is pyrolysis. However, while producing hydrocarbons, it generates numerous toxic oxygenated compounds and demands complex purification steps 15,16 . A promising choice to overcome the problems previously described is hydrotreated vegetable oils, a commercial technology that removes oxygen and unsaturation from triglycerides by a catalytic process with H 2 excess, in a fixed bed reactor, under moderate temperature (300–450°C) and pressure (1–15 MPa) conditions 17 .…”

“…However, while producing hydrocarbons, it generates numerous toxic oxygenated compounds and demands complex purification steps. 15,16 A promising choice to overcome the problems previously described is hydrotreated vegetable oils, a commercial technology that removes oxygen and unsaturation from triglycerides by a catalytic process with H 2 excess, in a fixed bed reactor, under moderate temperature (300-450°C) and pressure (1-15 MPa) conditions. 17 First, the process consists of the hydrogenation of a double bond, followed by triglyceride hydrogenolysis with fatty acids and propane formation.…”