“…World Health Organization (WHO) has released air quality guidelines (AQG) 2021 for short and long term exposure to various air contaminants, approximately 15 years after the 2005 AQGs, such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) (Amini, 2021;Kan, 2022). Air pollution consists of various particles, including sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide, these particles result from factory emissions, dust, transportation, as well as several other pollutants (Husain T et al, 2021), and is rising due to industrialization, urbanization, rapid population expansion, and other causes (Nagdeve, 2006;Orazbayev et al, 2019). However, air quality is not only related to gas emissions, but also to solid waste production, the indirect determinants of air pollution have also received increased attention.…”