“…The studies by Wittig (2011) and Romaniuk (2014) offered a counter-narrative that challenges the conventional debates regarding TF by exploring other instruments and emergent methods used by terror groups to fund their operations. This position was also advanced by the growing literature and studies that suggest that the advancement in information and communication technology, particularly the internet and its tools, not only provide a platform used by terror groups to recruit and disseminate their propaganda; this also allows them to fund their operations (Carroll & Windle, 2018;Conway, 2006aConway, , 2006bJacobson, 2010;Keene, 2011;Myres, 2012;Ogun, 2012;Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 2017;Theohary, 2011). These studies revealed that terror groups such as Al-Qaeda, Al-Shabaab, Hamas, ISIS, and Mujahideen among other jihadist groups receive funding and support through digital payments from groups and individuals sympathetic to their cause (Ashley, 2012;Basile, 2004;Brill & Keene, 2014;Choo, 2015;Irwin et al, 2014;Levy & Yusuf, 2019;Whyte, 2019).…”