The Botanical and Chemical Distribution of Hallucinogens

Schultes, Richard Evans

doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.21.060170.003035

Cited by 61 publications

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“…Banisteriopsis (Family: Malpighiaceae) is a tropical South American genus with 92 species distributed mainly in Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Mabberley, 1997; Schultes, 1970). B. caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B. caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) Morton (Vine of the Soul) (Schultes and Raffauf, 1992) is an ingredient of the popular sacred and psychoactive drinks Ayahuasca, also known as Caapi, Pinde, Natema or Yaje, which is widely used for prophecy, divination, and as a sacrament in the northern part of South America (Schultes, 1970; Schultes and Siri von Reis, 1995). However, to the best of our knowledge, no traditional drink prepared only from B. caapi has been consumed for such uses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Banisteriopsis caapi, a unique combination of MAO inhibitory and antioxidative constituents for the activities relevant to neurodegenerative disorders and Parkinson's disease

Samoylenko

Rahman

Tekwani

et al. 2010

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

126

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Aim of the study-Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder mostly effecting the elder population of the world. Currently there is no definitive treatment or cure for this disease. Therefore, in this study the composition and constituents of the aqueous extract of B. caapi for monoamine oxidases (MAO) inhibitory and antioxidant activities were assessed, which are relevant to the prevention of neurological disorders, including Parkinsonism.Materials and methods-The aqueous extract of B. caapi stems was standardized and then fractionated using reversed-phase (RP) chromatography. Pure compounds were isolated either by reversed-phase (RP) chromatography or centrifugal preparative TLC, using a Chromatotron ® . Structure elucidation was carried out by 1D and 2D NMR, Mass, IR and Circular Dichroism spectroscopy and chemical derivatization. Chemical profiling of the extract was carried out with RP-HPLC. The inhibitory activity of MAO-A, MAO-B, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and catechol-O-methyl transferase enzymes, as well as antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of both B. caapi extract and isolated compounds were evaluated.Results-An examination of the aqueous extracts of B. caapi cultivar Da Vine yielded two new alkaloidal glycosides, named banistenoside A (1) and banistenoside B (2), containing "azepino[1,2-a]tetrahydro-β-carboline" unique carbon framework. One additional new natural tetrahydronorharmine (4), four known β-carbolines harmol (3), tetrahydroharmine (5), harmaline (6) and harmine (7), two known proanthocyanidines (−)-epicatechin (8) This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 10-13, 17, 18) were also prepared. Harmaline (6) and harmine (7) showed potent in vitro inhibitory activity against recombinant human brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) -A and -B enzymes (IC 50 2.5 and 2.0 nM, and 25 and 20 µM, respectively), and (−)-epicatechin (8) and (−)-procyanidin B2 (9) showed potent antioxidant and moderate MAO-B inhibitory activities (IC 50 <0.13 and 0.57 µg/mL, and 65 and 35 µM). HPLC analysis revealed that most of the dominant chemical and bioactive markers (1, 2, 5, 7-9) were present in high concentrations in dried bark of large branch. Analysis of regular/commercial B. caapi dried stems showed a similar qualitative HPLC pattern, but relatively low content of dominant markers 1, 2, 7, and 9, which led to decreased MAO inhibitory and antioxidant potency. NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript J Ethnopharmacol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 February 3.Conclusion-Collectively, these results give additional basis to the existing claim of B. caapi stem extract...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Banisteriopsis caapi, a unique combination of MAO inhibitory and antioxidative constituents for the activities relevant to neurodegenerative disorders and Parkinson's disease

Samoylenko

Rahman

Tekwani

et al. 2010

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

126

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“…Six species of the genus Mandragora are founded from the Eurasian continent (Schultes, 1970 Today mandrake is almost a forgotten plant. For more than 100 years, chemists were curious to solve ''the secret'' of the chemical principle of the ''magic'' root and the ''apples'' of love.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substances isolated from Mandragora species

et al. 2005

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“…an ointment for burns or rheumatism, and as a psychoactive drug (Hightower 1979). Crop improvement studies to increase its alkaloid production have been undertaken in India (Bhagat 1981 (Schultes 1970;Keasey 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some areas it is associated exclusively with disturbed soils rich in manure around barnvards (Ross and Williams 1975 (Schultes 1970;Conklin 1976;Adzetetal. 1979).…”

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confidence: 99%