The development of bladder tumors and contralateral upper urinary tract tumors after primary transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

Abstract

A four objective optimization framework for preferential crystallization of D‐L threonine solution is presented. The objectives are maximization of average crystal size and productivity, and minimization of batch time and the coefficient of variation at the desired purity while respecting design and operating constraints. The cooling rate, enantiomeric excess of the preferred enantiomer, and the mass of seeds are used as the decision variables. The optimization problem is solved by using adaptation of the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm. The results obtained clearly distinguish different regimes of interest during preferential crystallization. The multi‐objective analysis presented in this study is generic and gives a simplified picture in terms of three zones of operations obtained because of relative importance of nucleation and growth. Such analysis is of great importance in providing better insight for design and decision making, and improving the performance of the preferential crystallization that is considered as a promising future alternative to chromatographic separation of enantiomers. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009

Independent predictors of cancer‐specific survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

“…who have low-grade cancers. 18 Our analysis failed to prove the independent prognostic role of histologic grade, which also happened in other large series. 4,[8][9][10] This may have been caused by the lack of a significant difference in survival between patients with grade 1 tumors and grade 2 tumors and by the lack of significant reproducibility in the diagnosis of grade in TCC.…”

“…These data were quite original in the literature, because other reports on this issue failed to demonstrate a significant prognostic role in multivariate analysis. 8,18 These features, along with the prognostic role of prior or concomitant bladder cancers, strongly reconfirm the panurothelial nature of the disease. It has been demonstrated that the presence of lymphovascular invasion is an important prognostic factor in other urologic malignancies, including prostate cancer, 21 squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, 22 and bladder TCC.…”

“…Kang et al reported on a large series of patients with UUT cancers who were treated mostly by nephroureterectomy in Taiwan. 18 Those authors demonstrated that the presence of concomitant bladder cancer at the moment of the treatment for UUT-TCC was an independent predictor of cancer-specific survival, along with stage, grade, and preoperative renal function. 18 Those data were similar to ours, because we demonstrated that synchronous muscle-invasive bladder cancer significantly impaired patients' survival.…”

“…4 With regard to histologic grade, data from the literature indicate 5-year cancer-specific survival probabilities in the range from 80% to 100% for patients with grade 1 UUT-TCC, from 33% to 94% for patients with grade 2 UUT-TCC, and from 11% to 40% for patients with grade 3 UUT-TCC. 4,11,12,16,17 Moreover, a few studies reported the independent prognostic role of grade, 11,18 indicating that patients who have high-grade cancers have an at least 2-fold increased risk of cancer-related death compared with patients FIGURE 4. Cancer-specific survival probabilities were stratified by pathologic tumor stage (pT) of the primary tumor (log-rank P < .001).…”

Carcinoma urotelial de tracto urinario superior: 114 casos con largo seguimiento

“…La recurrencia de este tipo de tumores es relativamente frecuente. La incidencia de enfermedad pé lvica contralateral es del 3%, la de afectació n vesical del 31,2% y la de enfermedad del uré ter contralateral del 5,8% 5 .…”