The Effect of Pluchea indica Less Leaves Extract Againts Biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum In Vitro

Abstract

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum are the most common bacteria found in infected root canal teeth and most of them often caused failure in endodontic treatments. These bacteria can form biofilm which makes them more resistant against antibacterial agents. Biofilm formation also causes a decrease in antibiotics and antimicrobials sensitivity. Pluchea indica Less leaves is a species of plants that has several chemical properties. It consists of flavonoids and polyphenols which have benefits to inhibit biofilm formation. Because of its benefits, the extract of Pluchea indica Less leaves can be potentially developed as one of sterilization dressing in root canal teeth. <strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine biofilm formation inhibition of Pluchea indica Less leaves extract against Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The dilution method was done first to show the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract. The inhibition biolfilm formation was tested using microtitter plate assay by measuring the bacterial biofilm Optical Density (OD) from ELISA reader’s results and using autoagregation assay to show the inhibition of adherance bacteria. The Pluchea indica Less leaves extract concentration used for inhibition of biofilm formation were 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, and 6,25%. <strong>Results:</strong> The result of biofilm formation inhibition showed that Pluchea indica Less leaves extract were able to inhibit Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum’ biofilm formation with strong moderate effect. The autoagregation assay showed a decrease in autoagregation percentation of Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Pluchea indica Less leaves extract has effect to inhibit biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Pluchea indica Less leaves extract, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, biofilm.</em></p><p><strong><em>Correspondence:</em></strong><em> Agni Febrina Pargaputri, Department of Oral Biology, </em><em>Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Phone.031-5912191</em><em>, Email: <span style="text-decoration: underline;">agni_febrina@yahoo.com</span></em><strong><em></em></strong></p>

Mobe leaf (Artocarpus lakoocha Buch. Ham) ethanol extract’s antibacterial activity on Streptococcus mutans cell membrane leakage and biofilm formation: An in vitro study

“…Flavonoid compounds work against bacteria in a number of ways, e.g., preventing the production of nucleic acids, the function of cytoplasmic membranes, preventing bacteria from using oxygen for energy metabolism, and preventing the synthesis of cell membranes by forming intricate compounds with extracellular proteins. 42,[45][46][47][48] Joycharat et al 49 studied the antibacterial effect of flavonoids on S. mutans ATCC 25175 bacteria using an Albizia myriophylla wood ethanol extract. The results showed that lupinifoline (from the flavonoid group) had an antibacterial effect that was almost comparable to 0.5 µg/ml chlorhexidine.…”

“…In some research that employed several concentrations of extract, the greater the concentration used, the more effective the results were. 45 However, it is important to note that this study's scope was limited by factors such as the temperature of the mobe leaf ethanol extract solution, and bacteria that may have been exposed to well plate when the sample was transferred to a sterile area.…”

Phytoconstituents and Pharmacological Activities of Indian Camphorweed (Pluchea indica): A Multi-Potential Medicinal Plant of Nutritional and Ethnomedicinal Importance

“…It showed significant growth inhibition towards E. faecalis (inhibition zone diameter (IZD) 12.6 mm), followed by S. mutans (IZD 12.2 mm) and P. gingivalis (IZD 12.2 mm) at a concentration of 6.5%, compared to chlorhexidine (IZDs 10.9, 11.4, and 10.6 mm, conc 2%) [126]. It also prohibited biofilm formation and decreased adhesion of E. faecalis and F. nucleatum in the micro-titter plate and auto-aggregation assays, respectively [127]. Hence, it could be utilized as an alternative to root canal sterilization dressing [127].…”

“…It also prohibited biofilm formation and decreased adhesion of E. faecalis and F. nucleatum in the micro-titter plate and auto-aggregation assays, respectively [127]. Hence, it could be utilized as an alternative to root canal sterilization dressing [127]. It had activity versus S. epidermidis (IZD 21.73 mm) and P. aeruginosa (IZD 21.44 mm) at 1 mg/mL [128].…”

Local knowledge of plant-based nutrition sources from forgotten foods in Datengan Village, East Java, Indonesia

“…P. indica leaf extract can be used as therapy in counteracting free radicals and improves histopathology in the liver, jejunum, and kidney (Aulanni'am et al, 2019). The leaf extract of P. indica has anti antibacterial activities such as Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Pargaputri et al 2016;Pargaputri et al 2017), Propionibacterium acnes (Hafsari et al 2015), Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescent, and Salmonella typhimurium, as well as also as an antioxidant (Srimoon and Ngiewthaisong 2015;Widyawati et al 2018). P. oleracea has been reported to contain several pharmacological properties such as neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiulcerogenic, antioxidant, anticancer activities, and anti-inflammatory (Okafor and Ezejindu 2014;Uddin et al 2014;Zhou et al 2015).…”