The effect of training order on neuromuscular, endocrine and mood response to small-sided games and resistance training sessions over a 24-h period

Abstract

Objectives: This study examined the acute effect of small-sided-game (SSG) and resistance training sequence on neuromuscular, endocrine and mood response over a 24-hour (h) period.Design: Repeated measures Methods: Fourteen semi-professional soccer players performed SSG-training (4vs4 + goalkeepers; 6x7min, 2-min inter-set recovery) followed by resistance training 2h later (back-squat, Romanian deadlift, barbell-hip-thrust; 4x4 repetitions, 4-min inter-set recovery; 85% 1 rep-max) (SSG+RES), and on a separate week reversed the session order (RES+SSG). Physical demands of SSG's were monitored using global positioning systems (GPS) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Countermovementjump (CMJ; peak power output; jump height) and brief assessment of mood were collected before (pre), during (0h) and after (+24h) both protocols. Salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations were obtained at the same time-points but with the inclusion of a measure immediately prior to the second training session (+2h).Results: GPS outputs and RPE were similar between SSG-training during both protocols. Betweenprotocol comparisons revealed no significant differences at +24h in CMJ performance, mood, and endocrine markers. Testosterone was higher at 0h during RES+SSG in comparison to SSG+RES (moderate-effect; +21.4±26.7 pg•ml -1 ; p= 0.010), yet was similar between protocols by +2h.Conclusions: The order of SSG and resistance training does not appear to influence the physical demands of SSG's with sufficient recovery between two sessions performed on the same day. Session order did not influence neuromuscular, endocrine or mood responses at +24h, however a favourable testosterone response from the resistance first session may enhance neuromuscular performance in the second session of the day.

Methodological Characteristics, Physiological and Physical Effects, and Future Directions for Combined Training in Soccer: A Systematic Review

“…Eight studies were included in this review [6,7,[31][32][33][34][35][36], three of which [6,31,32] looked at acute responses and five of which [7,[33][34][35][36] considered chronic adaptations. Three of the studies on chronic adaptations involved teenagers [7,33,34], and one involved young adults [36].…”

“…Three of the studies on chronic adaptations involved teenagers [7,33,34], and one involved young adults [36]. Of the studies of acute responses, two focused on young adults [6,31], one focused on teenagers [32], and one focused on children [35]. Athletes' fitness levels varied from healthy male volunteers (control group) in Kotzamanidis's study [7] to lowerlevel athletes [7,34] moderate-level (or semi-professional) athletes [31], and high-level (or professional) athletes [6,32,33,35,36].…”

“…CT training was applied in all the studies [6,7,[31][32][33][34][35][36]. Strength and endurance (either soccer-specific endurance, HIT, or a combination of both) were combined in [6,[33][34][35][36], with interventions lasting between five [33,36] and 12 weeks [35], with [34] lasting six weeks and [6] lasting10 weeks.…”

“…Other studies had different training modalities, such as a combination of speed and plyometrics [34] or strength and speed [7] lasting six and 13 weeks, respectively. The two other studies [31,32] also combined strength and endurance, but subjects were submitted to just two training interventions with 72 h of rest between them. The details of the interventions and training protocols can be found in Table 3.…”

“…Hormonal Response [32] No Two of the included studies [31,32] tested athletes' hormonal responses in regard to CT modality order. Both studies reported no main effects of testosterone (T) or cortisol (C) between conditions.…”