The Effect of Vitamin D supplement and Indoor Vs Outdoor Physical Activity on Depression of Obese Depressed Women

Abstract

Objective: Since the rate of depression and Vitamin D deficiency has been reported in Iranian obese women, it needs to be considered seriously by researchers. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplement (VD) and indoor physical activity (IPA) vs outdoor physical activity (OPA) on the depression of obese depressed women. Methods:This was a prospective study with 75 women (mean age: 43.5 ± 12.8 years, with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 30.0 to 35.0 kg/m 2 ). They were randomly assigned into four experimental groups who either did indoor or outdoor physical activity with or without Vitamin D. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Beck depression inventory. The intervention group (indoor and outdoor physical activity with vitamin D) was administered a 2,000 IU Vitamin D per day for 12 weeks. The training program included warming-up, main protocol (treadmill versus outdoor jogging) and cooling-down four times a week for 3 months.Results: The results indicated that the level of depression in OPA + VD group was improved from severe (33.26 ± 2.12) to mild (16.73 ± 1.38) suggesting 50% improvement in depression score (P = 0.001) and there was, also, a significant improvement in the depression level of IPA+VD, OPA, and IPA groups from sever to moderate level in depression scores (P = 0.001).Conclusions: Both vitamin D and exercise (especially outdoor) have positive effects on depressive symptoms of depressed obese women. As a result, promotion of an active outdoor lifestyle and having sufficient Vitamin can counteract vitamin D deficiency and the rate of depression in this vulnerable population.Keywords: Vitamin D, Indoor, Outdoor, Depression BackgroundTodays, obesity and depression are two major public health problems. It has been reported that depression prevalence is more in obese people compared to those who are not obese up to 25 percent. On the other hand, there is a link between obesity with depression and lower levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (1), depression (2), and obesity (3) has increased rapidly in Iran during the past decade (4). Recently, the positive effect of vitamin D on the prevention and the treatment of mental health problems such as depression has been well documented (4). Divergent results have been reported concerning the relationship between Vitamin D and depression in such a manner that some cross sectional studies have found a relationship between low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and depressive symptoms (5, 6); whereas other studies of similar design have found no such relationship (7). A study conducted in Saudi Arabia showed that deficient levels of Vitamin D were found in women which made them vulnerable to serious health problems, in spite of living in one of the sunniest countries in the world (8). Furthermore, in a study undertaken in Jordan, 83.3% of women wearing the most covering style of Islamic dresses were found to be deficient in summer time. This is rather striking whe...

Associations between Online Addiction, Attachment Style, Emotion Regulation, Depression and Anxiety in General Population: Testing the Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Internet Addiction

“…Finally, pathological Internet use has been found to be related to a number of factors such as identity status (Morsunbul, 2014), family factors (Ko et al, 2015;Park, Kim, & Cho, 2008;Yen, Yen, Chen, Chen, & Ko, 2007), social support (Durkee et al, 2012). Moreover, the robust relations between physical activity and emotional wellbeing have been documented (Irandoust & Taheri, 2017;Taheri & Irandoust, 2018) that sedentary behaviours seem to be an integral part of maladaptive unduly Internet use (Vandelanotte, Sugiyama, Gardiner, & Owen, 2009). Therefore, comprehensive investigations capturing the lifestyle of Internet addicts will provide more fruitful information about the etiology of the disorder.…”

A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials on the Effectiveness of Ecotherapy Interventions for Treating Mental Disorders

“…Eighteen studies were included in the review. Eight studies included participants with a diagnosis of depression (Antonioli & Reveley, 2005;Berman, et al 2012;Hoffmann et al, 2009;Kim, et al 2009;McCaffrey, 2007;Pedersen et al, 2012;Shin et al, 2012), two included patients with both anxiety and depression Le Roux & Kemp, 2009), one included patients with depression and comorbid obesity (Irandoust & Taheri, 2017), two included patients with substance dependence disorder (Wesley et al, 2009;Wesley et al, 2006), three included patients with schizophrenia (Barak et al, 2001;Villalta et al, 2009;Zhu, et al 2016), one included patients with depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (Kam & Siu, 2010), one included patients with schizophrenia, affective disorders, anxiety and personality disorders (Berget et al, 2008), and one included patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (Gelkopf et al, 2013). A total of 1,025 participants (N=17) between the age range of 18 -75 years were included across thirteen RCT studies.…”

“…Eleven compared an environmental therapy or animal-assisted therapy to a control group (i.e. no treatment group) (Barak et al, 2001;Berget et al, 2008;Berman, 2012;Gelkopf et al, 2013;Hoffmann et al, 2009;Irandoust & Taheri, 2017;Le Roux & Kemp, 2009;Pedersen et al, 2012;Shin et al, 2012;Wesley et al, 2009), whereas seven trials compared these interventions to an alternative intervention (Antonioli & Reveley, 2005;Kam & Siu, 2010;Kim et al, 2009;McCaffrey, 2007;Villalta et al, 2009;Wesley, 2006;Zhu, et al, 2016). The primary outcomes that were assessed include: treatment efficacy (on the CGI-I or similar), symptom severity, and/or dropout rates.…”

“…Studies were conducted in several countries, namely: China, Germany, Honduras, Iran, Israel, Norway, South Africa, South Korea, Spain and the United States of America. Twelve studies are single-centre trials (Barak et al, 2001;Berman, 2012;Gelkopf et al, 2013;Hoffmann et al, 2009;Irandoust & Taheri, 2017;Kam & Siu, 2010;Kim, et al, 2009;Le Roux & Kemp, 2009;Shin et al, 2012;Villalta et al, 2009;Wesley et al, 2009;Zhu, et al, 2016) and five are multi-centre trials (Antonioli & Reveley, 2005;Berget et al, 2008;McCaffrey, 2007;Pedersen et al, 2012).…”

The Effect of Yoga Exercise on Selective Attention of Collegiate Athletes Following Short-Term Sleep Deprivation

“…It must be noted that giving instructions to students who are prone to sleep loss can be a good indicator for increasing the awareness toward the key role of exercise in improvement of health and athletic performance (23)(24)(25)(26). In the view of the above mentioned psychological problems (27), it is highly recommended to investigate such issues in future studies.…”