The Etiology and Prevention of Functional Instability of the Foot

Freeman, M. A. R.; Dean, M. R. E.; Hanham, I. W. F.

doi:10.1302/0301-620x.47b4.678

Cited by 829 publications

(542 citation statements)

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“…This finding may have significant implications for clinical practice as unstable surfaces do not seem to target proprioceptive training of ankle musculature. Freeman et al (1965) were the first to design a functional ankle rehabilitation program based on the premises that proprioception deficits have a causal effect on re-injury. They state that mechanoreceptors in the lateral ankle ligaments (among other receptors) control the precise contractions of the calf muscles which must occur if the foot is to remain stable on uneven ground.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They state that mechanoreceptors in the lateral ankle ligaments (among other receptors) control the precise contractions of the calf muscles which must occur if the foot is to remain stable on uneven ground. A traction injury will lead to the rupture of nerve fibers as well as of collagen fibers (Freeman et al 1965). If the ligaments heal in an elongated state, the mechanoreceptors will misinterpret the inversion angle (Konradsen 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ankle proprioception is not targeted by exercises on an unstable surface

et al. 2011

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Laboratory study using a repeated measures design. The aim of this study was to determine if ankle proprioception is targeted in exercises on unstable surfaces. Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) has recurrence rates over 70%, which are believed to be due to a reduced accuracy of proprioceptive signals from the ankle. Proprioceptive exercises in rehabilitation of LAS mostly consist of balancing activities on an unstable surface. The methods include 100 healthy adults stood barefoot on a solid surface and a foam pad over a force plate, with occluded vision.Mechanical vibration was used to stimulate proprioceptive output of muscle spindles of triceps surae and lumbar paraspinal musculature. Each trial lasted for 60 s; vibration was applied from the 15th till the 30th second. Changes in mean velocity and mean position of the center of pressure (CoP) as a result of muscle vibration were calculated. Results show that on foam, the effect of triceps surae vibration on mean CoP velocity was significantly smaller than on a solid surface, while for paraspinal musculature vibration the effect was bigger on foam than on solid surface. Similar effects were seen for mean CoP displacement as outcome. Exercises on unstable surfaces appear not to target peripheral ankle proprioception. Exercises on an unstable surface may challenge the capacity of the central nervous system to shift the weighting of sources of proprioceptive signals on balance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ankle proprioception is not targeted by exercises on an unstable surface

et al. 2011

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“…So it seems that balance training can be an efficient tool to prevent injury. It has been shown that balance training helps to regenerate neuromuscular structures after injuries (Eils & Rosenbaum, 2001;Freeman, Dean, & Hanham, 1965) and also helps to prevent recurrence (Mcguine & Keene, 2006;Verhagen et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of a balance training program on the electromyographic latency of the ankle musculature in subjects with no history of ankle injury

Dias

Pezarat‐Correia

Esteves

et al. 2011

Physical Therapy in Sport

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a b s t r a c tBackground: Balance training is often employed for the prevention of ankle injuries. However, until now, most of the studies have focused on the prevention of a recurrent injury. The objective of this study was to look into the effects of balance training on the onset of peroneal muscle activity in healthy subjects. Methods: 34 participants (mean age ¼ 19.5 years AE 1.5; height ¼ 1.70 m AE 0.12; weight ¼ 62.06 kg AE 11.24), physically active, with no history of injuries took part in this study. The participants underwent a 4-week balance training program using an ankle disk. Onset of peroneal muscles activation was measured using surface electromyography and a trap-door. Findings: Parametric and non-parametric tests showed no significant differences between the control group and the experimental group (P > 0.05). Interpretation:The results indicate that the use of balance training, for a 4-week period with two training sessions per week, on physically active subjects with no history of injuries in the ankle joint, does not cause noteworthy changes on the onset of peroneal muscles activity.

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“…The analysis of COP and joint position sense in university soccer players with and without ankle instability mechanoreceptors joints become damaged, impairing particularly the joint position sense, resulting in a situation known as the functional ankle instability (FAI) [14][15][16] , which is de ned by F 17 as a complain of "false subjective perception". H 18 attributed its causes to de cits in the joint position sense, reduced muscle strength, delay in bular muscles activation, equilibrium de cits, alterations in the activity of the bular nervous and decrease in the dorsi exion range of the movement, and its residuals symptoms may remain for long periods 19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Análise do COP e sentido de posição em jogadores universitários de futebol com e sem instabilidade de tornozelo

Neto

Castro

Crozara

et al. 2016

Rev. bras. educ. fís. esporte

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The soccer is one of the most popular sport modality around the world, with millions of practitioners of different levels, and thus, the incidence of injuries are expressive [1][2][3] . Among these injuries, the ankle sprain is the one that stands out 2, 4-5 .e ankle sprains are very common in soccer due to the demand of changes in direction performed with high velocities, after jumps and during the sprints itself 2,4,6 . ese rapid changes in direction or landing on irregular surfaces produces a large supination torque, causing the ankle to perform an excessive movement, overloading the joint and its structures, mainly the anterior talo-bular and the calcaneo-bular ligaments 7 .Repeated episodes of ankle sprains may negatively a ect the proprioception, which correspond to the perception of position and movement (i.e., synesthesia) of the body and its segments [8][9] . ese information are provided by mechanoreceptors in the muscles, tendons, skin, joint capsules and ligaments [10][11][12] .ese mechanoreceptors are sensitized by mechanics energy imposed to the joint and it is transmitted to the central nervous system by a erents impulses 13 . As a consequence to sprains, the a erent bers of the AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the behavior of COP and passive ankle position sense in subjects with and without functional ankle instability. Took part in this study 20 subjects, divided into two groups: stable group (SG) and unstable group (UG). The COP evaluation was made with the single-leg balance test, with eyes opened and closed, on a force plate. The passive ankle position sense test was performed with subjects blindfolded. The ankle was positioned in a target angle (10° and 20°) and the dynamometer moved passively the ankle, then the subjects were instructed to push the stop button when they feel that the ankle was on the target angle, obtaining the absolute angular error (AAE). The following variables were obtained: total displacement (TD); antero-posterior (SDap) and medio-lateral standard deviation (SDml); total mean velocity (TMV); antero-posterior (MVap) and medio-lateral mean velocity (MVml). The comparison between the data with normal distribution was made with the Student's t test, while to the TD and SDml was used the Mann-Whitney test. The correlations were performed with the Pearson and Spearman tests. We adopted α < 0.05. We observed difference between AAE-10º (p < 0.05). Strong correlations were found between: AAE-10° and TMV (p < 0.01 r = -0.867); AAE-10° and MVap (p < 0.01 r = -0.854); AAE-10° and MVml (p < 0.01 r = -0.771), with eyes opened, and AAE-10° and TD (p < 0.05 r = -0.666); AAE-10º and SDap (p < 0.05 r = -0,685) and AAE-10° and MVml (p < 0.05 r= -0.766) with eyes closed. Ankle sprains harm the joint position sense without affecting the balance.

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The Etiology and Prevention of Functional Instability of the Foot

Cited by 829 publications

References 4 publications

Ankle proprioception is not targeted by exercises on an unstable surface

Ankle proprioception is not targeted by exercises on an unstable surface

The influence of a balance training program on the electromyographic latency of the ankle musculature in subjects with no history of ankle injury

Análise do COP e sentido de posição em jogadores universitários de futebol com e sem instabilidade de tornozelo

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